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<!--     posix.sgml                                                  -->
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<part id="elix-compatibility">
<title>eCos EL/IX compatibility layer</title>

<chapter id="posix-standard-support">
<title>POSIX Standard Support</title>

<!-- {{{ Intro  -->

    <para>
      eCos contains support for the POSIX Specification (ISO&sol;IEC
      9945-1)&lsqb;POSIX&rsqb;. This support follows EL&sol;IX level 1
      in the functionality supplied &lsqb;ELIX&rsqb;.
    </para>
    <para>
      POSIX support is divided between the POSIX and the FILEIO
      packages. The POSIX package provides support for threads,
      signals, synchronization, timers and message queues. The FILEIO
      package provides support for file and device I&sol;O. The two
      packages may be used together or separately, depending on
      configuration.
    </para>
    <para>
      This document takes a functional approach to the POSIX
      library. Support for a function implies that the data types and
      definitions necessary to support that function, and the objects
      it manipulates, are also defined. Any exceptions to this are
      noted, and unless otherwise noted, implemented functions behave
      as specified in the POSIX standard.
    </para>
    <para>
      This document only covers the differences between the eCos
      implementation and the standard; it does not provide complete
      documentation. For full information, see the POSIX standard
      &lsqb;POSIX&rsqb;. Online, the Open Group Single Unix
      Specification &lsqb;SUS2&rsqb; provides complete documentation
      of a superset of POSIX. If you have access to a Unix system with
      POSIX compatibility, then the manual pages for this will be of
      use.  There are also a number of books available.
      &lsqb;Lewine&rsqb; covers the process, signal, file and I&sol;O
      functions, while &lsqb;Lewis1&rsqb;, &lsqb;Lewis2&rsqb;,
      &lsqb;Nichols&rsqb; and &lsqb;Norton&rsqb; cover Pthreads and
      related topics (see Bibliography, xref). However, many of these
      books are oriented toward using POSIX in non-embedded systems,
      so care should be taken in applying them to programming under
      eCos.
    </para>
    <para>
      The remainder of this chapter broadly follows the structure
      of the POSIX Specification. References to the appropriate
      section of the Standard are included.
    </para>
    <para>
      Omitted functions marked with &ldquo;&sol;&sol; TBA&rdquo;
      are potential candidates for later implementation.
    </para>

<!-- }}} -->
<!-- {{{ Process Primitives -->

<sect1 id="posix-process-primitives">
<title>Process Primitives &lsqb;POSIX Section 3&rsqb;</title>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Implemented</title>

<screen>
int kill(pid&lowbar;t pid, int sig); 
int pthread&lowbar;kill(pthread&lowbar;t thread, int sig); 
int sigaction(int sig, const struct sigaction &ast;act,
              struct sigaction &ast;oact); 
int sigqueue(pid&lowbar;t pid, int sig, const union sigval value); 
int sigprocmask(int how, const sigset&lowbar;t &ast;set,
                sigset&lowbar;t &ast;oset); 
int pthread&lowbar;sigmask(int how, const sigset&lowbar;t &ast;set,
                    sigset&lowbar;t &ast;oset); 
int sigpending(sigset&lowbar;t &ast;set);
int sigsuspend(const sigset&lowbar;t &ast;set); 
int sigwait(const sigset&lowbar;t &ast;set, int &ast;sig); 
int sigwaitinfo(const sigset&lowbar;t &ast;set, siginfo&lowbar;t &ast;info); 
int sigtimedwait(const sigset&lowbar;t &ast;set, siginfo&lowbar;t &ast;info,
                 const struct timespec &ast;timeout); 
int sigemptyset(sigset&lowbar;t &ast;set); 
int sigfillset(sigset&lowbar;t &ast;set); 
int sigaddset(sigset&lowbar;t &ast;set, int signo); 
int sigdelset(sigset&lowbar;t &ast;set, int signo); 
int sigismember(const sigset&lowbar;t &ast;set, int signo);
unsigned int alarm( unsigned int seconds );
int pause( void ); 
unsigned int sleep( unsigned int seconds );
</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Omitted</title>

<screen>
pid&lowbar;t fork(void); 
int execl( const char &ast;path, const char &ast;arg, ... ); 
int execv( const char &ast;path, char &ast;const argv&lsqb;&rsqb; ); 
int execle( const char &ast;path, const char &ast;arg, ... ); 
int execve( const char &ast;path, char &ast;const argv&lsqb;&rsqb;,
            char &ast;const envp&lsqb;&rsqb; ); 
int execlp( const char &ast;path, const char &ast;arg, ... ); 
int execvp( const char &ast;path, char &ast;const argv&lsqb;&rsqb; ); 
int pthread&lowbar;atfork( void(&ast;prepare)(void),
                    void (&ast;parent)(void),
                    void (&ast;child)() );
pid&lowbar;t wait( int &ast;stat&lowbar;loc );		    
pid&lowbar;t waitpid( pid&lowbar;t pid, int &ast;stat&lowbar;loc,
               int options ); 
void &lowbar;exit( int status );
</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Notes</title>
<itemizedlist>
  <listitem>
    <para>
    Signal handling may be enabled or disabled with the
    CYGPKG&lowbar;POSIX&lowbar;SIGNALS option. Since signals are used
    by other POSIX components, such as timers, disabling signals will
    disable those components too.
    </para>
  </listitem>
  
  <listitem>
    <para>
    <emphasis>kill()</emphasis> and
    <emphasis>sigqueue()</emphasis> may only take a 
    <emphasis role="strong">pid</emphasis> argument of zero,
    which maps to the current process.
    </para>
  </listitem>
  
  <listitem>
    <para>
    The <emphasis>SIGEV&lowbar;THREAD</emphasis> notification type is
	    not currently implemented.
    </para>
  </listitem>
  
  <listitem>
    <para>
    Job Control and Memory Protection signals are
	    not supported.
    </para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
    <para>
    An extra implementation defined
    <emphasis>si&lowbar;code</emphasis> value,
    <emphasis>SI&lowbar;EXCEPT</emphasis>, is defined to
    distinguish hardware generated exceptions from
    others.
    </para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
    <para>
    Extra signals are defined:
    &lowbar;SIGTRAP&lowbar;,&lowbar;SIGIOT&lowbar;,
    &lowbar;SIGEMT&lowbar;, and &lowbar;SIGSYS&lowbar;. These are
    largely to maintain compatibility with the signal numbers used by
    GDB.
    </para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
    <para>
    Signal delivery may currently occur at unexpected places in some
    API functions. Using <emphasis>longjmp()</emphasis> to transfer
    control out of a signal handler may result in the interrupted
    function not being able to complete properly. This may result in
    later function calls failing or deadlocking.
    </para>
  </listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>


</sect1>

<!-- }}} -->
<!-- {{{ Process Environment -->

<sect1 id="posix-process-environment">
<title>Process Environment &lsqb;POSIX Section 4&rsqb;</title>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Implemented</title>

<screen>
int uname( struct utsname &ast;name ); 
time&lowbar;t time( time&lowbar;t &ast;tloc ); 
char &ast;getenv( const char &ast;name ); 
int isatty( int fd );
long sysconf( int name );
</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Omitted</title>
<screen>
pid&lowbar;t getpid( void ); 
pid&lowbar;t getppid( void ); 
uid&lowbar;t getuid( void ); 
uid&lowbar;t geteuid( void ); 
gid&lowbar;t getgid( void ); 
gid&lowbar;t getegid( void ); 
int setuid( uid&lowbar;t uid ); 
int setgid( gid&lowbar;t gid ); 
int getgroups( int gidsetsize, gid&lowbar;t grouplist&lsqb;&rsqb; ); 
char &ast;getlogin( void ); 
int getlogin&lowbar;r( char &ast;name, size&lowbar;t namesize ); 
pid&lowbar;t getpgrp( void ); 
pid&lowbar;t setsid( void );
int setpgid( pid&lowbar;t pid, pid&lowbar;t pgid ); 
char &ast;ctermid( char &ast;s); 
char &ast;ttyname( int fd );                             &sol;&sol; TBA 
int ttyname&lowbar;r( int fd, char &ast;name, size&lowbar;t namesize); &sol;&sol; TBA 
clock&lowbar;t times( struct tms &ast;buffer );                 &sol;&sol; TBA
</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Notes</title>
	<itemizedlist>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>The fields of the <emphasis>utsname</emphasis>
	    structure are initialized as follows:
            <screen>
	    sysname	&ldquo;eCos&rdquo; 
	    nodename	&ldquo;&rdquo;	(gethostname() is currently not available)
	    
	    release		Major version number of the kernel 
	    version   		Minor version number of the kernel 
	    machine	&ldquo;&rdquo; 	(Requires some config tool changes)
            </screen>
	    </para>
	    <para>
	    The sizes of these strings are defined by
	    CYG&lowbar;POSIX&lowbar;UTSNAME&lowbar;LENGTH and
	    CYG&lowbar;POSIX&lowbar;UTSNAME&lowbar;NODENAME&lowbar;LENGTH. The
	    latter defaults to the value of the former, but may also
	    be set independently to accommodate a longer node name.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	  
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    The <emphasis>time()</emphasis> function is currently
	    implemented in the C library.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	  
	  <listitem>
	    <para>A set of environment strings may be defined at configuration
	    time with the CYGDAT&lowbar;LIBC&lowbar;DEFAULT&lowbar;ENVIRONMENT
	    option. The application may also define an environment by direct
	    assignment to the <emphasis role="strong">environ</emphasis>
	    variable.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	  
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    At present <emphasis>isatty()</emphasis> assumes that
	    any character device is a tty and that all other devices are not
	    ttys. Since the only kind of device that eCos currently supports
	    is serial character devices, this is an adequate
	    distinction.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	  
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    All system variables supported by sysconf will yield a
	    value. However, those that are irrelevant to eCos will
	    either return the default minimum defined in
	    <filename>&lt;limits.h&gt;</filename>,
	    or zero.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</itemizedlist>

</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- }}} -->
<!-- {{{ Files and Directories -->

<sect1 id="posix-files-and-directories">
<title>Files and Directories &lsqb;POSIX Section 5&rsqb;</title>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Implemented</title>

<screen>
DIR &ast;opendir( const char &ast;dirname ); 
struct dirent &ast;readdir( DIR &ast;dirp ); 
int readdir&lowbar;r( DIR &ast;dirp, struct dirent &ast;entry,
               struct dirent &ast;&ast;result ); 
void rewinddir( DIR &ast;dirp ); 
int closedir( DIR &ast;dirp ); 
int chdir( const char &ast;path ); 
char &ast;getcwd( char &ast;buf, size&lowbar;t size );
int open( const char &ast; path , int oflag , ... ); 
int creat( const char &ast; path, mode&lowbar;t mode ); 
int link( const char &ast;existing, const char &ast;new ); 
int mkdir( const char &ast;path, mode&lowbar;t mode ); 
int unlink( const char &ast;path ); 
int rmdir( const char &ast;path ); 
int rename( const char &ast;old, const char &ast;new ); 
int stat( const char &ast;path, struct stat &ast;buf ); 
int fstat( int fd, struct stat &ast;buf ); 
int access( const char &ast;path, int amode ); 
long pathconf(const char &ast;path, int name); 
long fpathconf(int fd, int name);
</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Omitted</title>

<screen>
mode&lowbar;t umask( mode&lowbar;t cmask ); 
int mkfifo( const char &ast;path, mode&lowbar;t mode ); 
int chmod( const char &ast;path, mode&lowbar;t mode );			&sol;&sol; TBA 
int fchmod( int fd, mode&lowbar;t mode );				&sol;&sol; TBA 
int chown( const char &ast;path, uid&lowbar;t owner, gid&lowbar;t group ); 
int utime( const char &ast;path, const struct utimbuf &ast;times );	&sol;&sol; TBA 
int ftruncate( int fd, off&lowbar;t length );                          &sol;&sol; TBA
</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Notes</title>

	<itemizedlist>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    If a call to <function>open()</function> or <function>creat()</function> supplies
	    the third &lowbar;mode&lowbar; parameter, it will
	    currently be ignored.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    Most of the functionality of these functions depends on
	    the underlying filesystem.
	    </para>
	    </listitem>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    Currently<emphasis> access()</emphasis> only checks the 
	    <emphasis>F&lowbar;OK</emphasis> mode explicitly, the others are
	    all assumed to be true by default.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    The maximum number of open files allowed is supplied by
	    the CYGNUM&lowbar;FILEIO&lowbar;NFILE option. The maximum number
	    of file descriptors is supplied by the CYGNUM&lowbar;FILEIO&lowbar;NFD
	    option.  
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- }}} -->
<!-- {{{ Input and Output -->

<sect1 id="posix-input-and-output">
<title>Input and Output &lsqb;POSIX Section 6&rsqb;</title>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Implemented</title>

<screen>
int dup( int fd ); 
int dup2( int fd, int fd2 ); 
int close(int fd); 
ssize&lowbar;t	read(int fd, void &ast;buf, size&lowbar;t nbyte); 
ssize&lowbar;t	write(int fd, const void &ast;buf, size&lowbar;t nbyte); 
int fcntl( int fd, int cmd, ... ); 
off&lowbar;t lseek(int fd, off&lowbar;t offset, int whence); 
int fsync( int fd );
int fdatasync( int fd );</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Omitted</title>
<screen>
int pipe( int fildes&lsqb;2&rsqb; ); 
int aio&lowbar;read( struct aiocb &ast;aiocbp );				&sol;&sol; TBA 
int aio&lowbar;write( struct aiocb &ast;aiocbp );				&sol;&sol; TBA 
int lio&lowbar;listio( int mode, struct aiocb &ast;const list&lsqb;&rsqb;,
                int nent, struct sigevent &ast;sig);		&sol;&sol; TBA 
int aio&lowbar;error( struct aiocb &ast;aiocbp );				&sol;&sol; TBA 
int aio&lowbar;return( struct aiocb &ast;aiocbp );				&sol;&sol; TBA 
int aio&lowbar;cancel( int fd, struct aiocb &ast;aiocbp );			&sol;&sol; TBA 
int aio&lowbar;suspend( const struct aiocb &ast;const list&lsqb;&rsqb;,
                 int nent, const struct timespec &ast;timeout );	&sol;&sol; TBA 
int aio&lowbar;fsync( int op, struct aiocb &ast;aiocbp );
&sol;&sol; TBA
</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Notes</title>
        <itemizedlist>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    Only the <emphasis>F&lowbar;DUPFD</emphasis> command
	    of <emphasis>fcntl()</emphasis> is currently implemented.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    Most of the functionality of these functions depends on
	    the underlying filesystem.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- }}} -->
<!-- {{{ Device and Class Specific Functions -->

<sect1 id="posix-device-and-class-specific-functions">
<title>Device and Class Specific Functions &lsqb;POSIX Section 7&rsqb;</title>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Implemented</title>
<screen>
speed&lowbar;t cfgetospeed( const struct termios &ast;termios&lowbar;p ); 
int cfsetospeed( struct termios &ast;termios&lowbar;p, speed&lowbar;t speed ); 
speed&lowbar;t cfgetispeed( const struct termios &ast;termios&lowbar;p ); 
int cfsetispeed( struct termios &ast;termios&lowbar;p, speed&lowbar;t speed ); 
int tcgetattr( int fd, struct termios &ast;termios&lowbar;p ); 
int tcsetattr( int fd, int optional&lowbar;actions,
	       const struct termios &ast;termios&lowbar;p ); 
int tcsendbreak( int fd, int duration ); 
int tcdrain( int fd );
int tcflush( int fd, int queue&lowbar;selector ); 
int tcsendbreak( int fd, int action );
</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Omitted</title>

<screen>
pid&lowbar;t tcgetpgrp( int fd ); 
int tcsetpgrp( int fd, pid&lowbar;t pgrp );</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Notes</title>
        <itemizedlist>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    Only the functionality relevant to basic serial device
	    control is implemented. Only very limited support for
	    canonical input is provided, and then only via the
	    &ldquo;tty&rdquo; devices, not the &ldquo;serial&rdquo;
	    devices. None of the functionality relevant to job
	    control, controlling terminals and sessions is
	    implemented.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    Only <emphasis>MIN</emphasis> &equals; 0 and
	    <emphasis>TIME</emphasis> &equals; 0 functionality is
	    provided.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    Hardware flow control is supported if the underlying
	    device driver and serial port support it.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    Support for break, framing and parity errors depends on
	    the functionality of the hardware and device driver.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- }}} -->
<!-- {{{ C Language Services -->

<sect1 id="posix-C-language-services">
<title>C Language Services &lsqb;POSIX Section 8&rsqb;</title>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Implemented</title>
<screen>
char &ast;setlocale( int category, const char &ast;locale ); 
int fileno( FILE &ast;stream ); 
FILE &ast;fdopen( int fd, const char &ast;type ); 
int getc&lowbar;unlocked( FILE &ast;stream); 
int getchar&lowbar;unlocked( void ); 
int putc&lowbar;unlocked( FILE &ast;stream ); 
int putchar&lowbar;unlocked( void ); 
char &ast;strtok&lowbar;r( char &ast;s, const char &ast;sep, 
                char &ast;&ast;lasts ); 
char &ast;asctime&lowbar;r( const struct tm &ast;tm, char &ast;buf ); 
char &ast;ctime&lowbar;r( const time&lowbar;t &ast;clock, char &ast;buf ); 
struct tm &ast;gmtime&lowbar;r( const time&lowbar;t &ast;clock,
                     struct tm &ast;result ); 
struct tm &ast;localtime&lowbar;r( const time&lowbar;t &ast;clock,
                        struct tm &ast;result ); 
int rand&lowbar;r( unsigned int &ast;seed );
</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Omitted</title>
<screen>
void flockfile( FILE &ast;file ); 
int ftrylockfile( FILE &ast;file ); 
void funlockfile( FILE &ast;file ); 
int sigsetjmp( sigjmp&lowbar;buf env, int savemask );			&sol;&sol; TBA 
void siglongjmp( sigjmp&lowbar;buf env, int val );			&sol;&sol; TBA 
void tzset(void);                                                       &sol;&sol; TBA
</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Notes</title>
	<itemizedlist>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    <emphasis>setlocale()</emphasis> is implemented in the C
	    library Internationalization package.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    Functions <emphasis>fileno()</emphasis> and
	    <emphasis>fdopen()</emphasis> are implemented in the C
	    library STDIO package.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    Functions <emphasis>getc&lowbar;unlocked()</emphasis>, 
	    <emphasis>getchar&lowbar;unlocked()</emphasis>,
	    <emphasis>putc&lowbar;unlocked()</emphasis> and
	    <emphasis>putchar&lowbar;unlocked()</emphasis> are defined
	    but are currently identical to their non-unlocked
	    equivalents.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    <emphasis>strtok&lowbar;r()</emphasis>, <emphasis>asctime&lowbar;r()</emphasis>, 
	    <emphasis>ctime&lowbar;r()</emphasis>, <emphasis>gmtime&lowbar;r()</emphasis>, 
	    <emphasis>localtime&lowbar;r()</emphasis> and
	    <emphasis>rand&lowbar;r()</emphasis> are all currently in
	    the C library, alongside their non-reentrant versions.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- }}} -->
<!-- {{{ System Databases -->

<sect1 id="posix-system-databases">
<title>System Databases &lsqb;POSIX Section 9&rsqb;</title>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Implemented</title>
	
<para>
&lt;none&gt;
</para>

</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Omitted</title>

<screen>
struct group &ast;getgrgid( gid&lowbar;t gid ); 
int getgrgid( gid&lowbar;t gid, struct group &ast;grp, char &ast;buffer, 
	      size&lowbar;t bufsize, struct group &ast;&ast;result ); 
struct group &ast;getgrname( const char &ast;name ); 
int getgrname&lowbar;r( const char &ast;name, struct group &ast;grp,
                 char &ast;buffer, size&lowbar;t bufsize, struct group &ast;&ast;result ); 
struct passwd &ast;getpwuid( uid&lowbar;t uid ); 
int getpwuid&lowbar;r( uid&lowbar;t uid, struct passwd &ast;pwd,
                char &ast;buffer, size&lowbar;t bufsize, struct passwd &ast;&ast;result ); 
struct passwd &ast;getpwnam( const char &ast;name ); 
int getpwnam&lowbar;r( const char &ast;name, struct passwd &ast;pwd,
                char &ast;buffer, size&lowbar;t bufsize, struct passwd &ast;&ast;result );
</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Notes</title>
        <itemizedlist>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    None of the functions in this section are implemented.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- }}} -->
<!-- {{{ Data Interchange Format -->

<sect1 id="posix-data-interchange-format">
<title>Data Interchange Format &lsqb;POSIX Section 10&rsqb;</title>
      
<para>
This section details <emphasis>tar</emphasis> and
<emphasis>cpio</emphasis> formats. Neither of these is supported by
eCos.
</para>
</sect1>

<!-- }}} -->
<!-- {{{ Synchronization -->

<sect1 id="posix-synchronization">
<title>Synchronization &lsqb;POSIX Section 11&rsqb;</title>


<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Implemented</title>

<screen>
int sem&lowbar;init(sem&lowbar;t &ast;sem, int pshared, unsigned int value); 
int sem&lowbar;destroy(sem&lowbar;t &ast;sem); 
int sem&lowbar;wait(sem&lowbar;t &ast;sem); 
int sem&lowbar;trywait(sem&lowbar;t &ast;sem); 
int sem&lowbar;post(sem&lowbar;t &ast;sem);
int sem&lowbar;getvalue(sem&lowbar;t &ast;sem, int &ast;sval); 
int pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;init( pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;t &ast;attr); 
int pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;destroy( pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;t &ast;attr); 
int pthread&lowbar;mutex&lowbar;init(pthread&lowbar;mutex&lowbar;t &ast;mutex,
	               const pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;t &ast;mutex&lowbar;attr); 
int pthread&lowbar;mutex&lowbar;destroy(pthread&lowbar;mutex&lowbar;t &ast;mutex); 
int pthread&lowbar;mutex&lowbar;lock(pthread&lowbar;mutex&lowbar;t &ast;mutex); 
int pthread&lowbar;mutex&lowbar;trylock(pthread&lowbar;mutex&lowbar;t &ast;mutex); 
int pthread&lowbar;mutex&lowbar;unlock(pthread&lowbar;mutex&lowbar;t &ast;mutex); 
int pthread&lowbar;condattr&lowbar;init(pthread&lowbar;condattr&lowbar;t &ast;attr); 
int pthread&lowbar;condattr&lowbar;destroy(pthread&lowbar;condattr&lowbar;t &ast;attr); 
int pthread&lowbar;cond&lowbar;init(pthread&lowbar;cond&lowbar;t &ast;cond, 
	               const pthread&lowbar;condattr&lowbar;t &ast;attr); 
int pthread&lowbar;cond&lowbar;destroy(pthread&lowbar;cond&lowbar;t &ast;cond); 
int pthread&lowbar;cond&lowbar;signal(pthread&lowbar;cond&lowbar;t &ast;cond); 
int pthread&lowbar;cond&lowbar;broadcast(pthread&lowbar;cond&lowbar;t &ast;cond); 
int pthread&lowbar;cond&lowbar;wait(pthread&lowbar;cond&lowbar;t &ast;cond, 
	               pthread&lowbar;mutex&lowbar;t &ast;mutex);
int pthread&lowbar;cond&lowbar;timedwait(pthread&lowbar;cond&lowbar;t &ast;cond,
	                   pthread&lowbar;mutex&lowbar;t &ast;mutex,
	                   const struct timespec &ast;abstime);
</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Omitted</title>

<screen>
sem&lowbar;t &ast;sem&lowbar;open(const char &ast;name, int oflag, ...);		&sol;&sol; TBA 
int sem&lowbar;close(sem&lowbar;t &ast;sem);					&sol;&sol; TBA 
int sem&lowbar;unlink(const char &ast;name);				&sol;&sol; TBA 
int pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;getpshared( const pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;t &ast;attr,
	                          int &ast;pshared );
int pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;setpshared( const pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;t &ast;attr,
	                          int pshared );
int  pthread&lowbar;condattr&lowbar;getpshared( const pthread&lowbar;condattr&lowbar;t &ast;attr, 
	                          int &ast;pshared);
int  pthread&lowbar;condattr&lowbar;setpshared( const pthread&lowbar;condattr&lowbar;t &ast;attr,
	                          int pshared);</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Notes</title>
        <itemizedlist>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    The presence of semaphores is controlled by the
	    CYGPKG&lowbar;POSIX&lowbar;SEMAPHORES option. This in turn
	    causes the &lowbar;POSIX&lowbar;SEMAPHORES feature test
	    macro to be defined and the semaphore API to be made
	    available.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	  
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    The <emphasis role="strong">pshared</emphasis> argument to
	    <emphasis>sem&lowbar;init()</emphasis> is not implemented,
	    its value is ignored.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	  
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    Functions <emphasis>sem&lowbar;open()</emphasis>, 
	    <emphasis>sem&lowbar;close()</emphasis> and
	    <emphasis>sem&lowbar;unlink()</emphasis> are present but
	    always return an error (ENOSYS).
	    </para>
	  </listitem>

	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    The exact priority inversion protocols supported may be
	    controlled with the
	    &lowbar;POSIX&lowbar;THREAD&lowbar;PRIO&lowbar;INHERIT and
	    &lowbar;POSIX&lowbar;THREAD&lowbar;PRIO&lowbar;PROTECT
	    configuration options.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	  
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    &lcub;&lowbar;POSIX&lowbar;THREAD&lowbar;PROCESS&lowbar;SHARED&rcub; is
	    not defined, so the 
	    <emphasis role="strong">process-shared</emphasis> mutex
	    and condition variable attributes are not supported, and
	    neither are the functions
	    <emphasis>pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;getpshared()</emphasis>,
	    <emphasis>pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;setpshared()</emphasis>, 
	    <emphasis>pthread&lowbar;condattr&lowbar;getpshared()</emphasis> and 
	    <emphasis>pthread&lowbar;condattr&lowbar;setpshared()</emphasis>. 
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	  
	  <listitem>
	  <para>
	    Condition variables do not become bound to a particular
	    mutex when
	    <emphasis>pthread&lowbar;cond&lowbar;wait()</emphasis> is
	    called. Hence different threads may wait on a condition
	    variable with different mutexes. This is at variance with
	    the standard, which requires a condition variable to
	    become (dynamically) bound by the first waiter, and
	    unbound when the last finishes. However, this difference
	    is largely benign, and the cost of policing this feature
	    is non-trivial.
	  </para>
	</listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- }}} -->
<!-- {{{ Memory Management -->

<sect1 id="posix-memory-management">
<title>Memory Management &lsqb;POSIX Section 12&rsqb;</title>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Implemented</title>
	
<para>
&lt;none&gt;
</para>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Omitted</title>

<screen>
int mlockall( int flags ); 
int munlockall( void ); 
int mlock( const void &ast;addr, size&lowbar;t len ); 
int munlock( const void &ast;addr, size&lowbar;t len ); 
void mmap( void &ast;addr, size&lowbar;t len, int prot, int flags, 	 
	   int fd, off&lowbar;t off ); 
int munmap( void &ast;addr, size&lowbar;t len ); 
int mprotect( const void &ast;addr, size&lowbar;t len, int prot ); 
int msync( void &ast;addr, size&lowbar;t len, int flags ); 
int shm&lowbar;open( const char &ast;name, int oflag, mode&lowbar;t mode ); 
int shm&lowbar;unlink( const char &ast;name );
</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Notes</title>
<para>
None of these functions are currently provided. Some may
be implemented in a restricted form in the future.
</para>

</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- }}} -->
<!-- {{{ Execution Scheduling -->

<sect1 id="posix-execution-scheduling">
<title>Execution Scheduling &lsqb;POSIX Section 13&rsqb;</title>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Implemented</title>

<screen>
int sched&lowbar;yield(void); 
int sched&lowbar;get&lowbar;priority&lowbar;max(int policy); 
int sched&lowbar;get&lowbar;priority&lowbar;min(int policy); 
int sched&lowbar;rr&lowbar;get&lowbar;interval(pid&lowbar;t pid, struct timespec &ast;t); 
int pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;setscope(pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;t &ast;attr, int scope); 
int pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;getscope(const pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;t &ast;attr, int &ast;scope); 
int pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;setinheritsched(pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;t &ast;attr, int inherit); 
int pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;getinheritsched(const pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;t &ast;attr, int &ast;inherit); 
int pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;setschedpolicy(pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;t &ast;attr, int policy); 
int pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;getschedpolicy(const pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;t &ast;attr, int &ast;policy);
int pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;setschedparam( pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;t &ast;attr, const struct sched&lowbar;param &ast;param); 
int pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;getschedparam( const pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;t &ast;attr,
	                        struct sched&lowbar;param &ast;param); 
int pthread&lowbar;setschedparam(pthread&lowbar;t thread, int policy,
	                  const struct sched&lowbar;param &ast;param); 
int pthread&lowbar;getschedparam(pthread&lowbar;t thread, int &ast;policy,
	                  struct sched&lowbar;param &ast;param); 
int pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;setprotocol( pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;t &ast;attr,
                                   int protocol);
int pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;getprotocol( pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;t &ast;attr,
                                   int &ast;protocol); 
int pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;setprioceiling( pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;t &ast;attr,
                                      int prioceiling); 
int pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;getprioceiling( pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;t &ast;attr,
	                              int &ast;prioceiling);
int pthread&lowbar;mutex&lowbar;setprioceiling( pthread&lowbar;mutex&lowbar;t &ast;mutex,
	                          int prioceiling,
	                          int &ast;old&lowbar;ceiling); 
int pthread&lowbar;mutex&lowbar;getprioceiling( pthread&lowbar;mutex&lowbar;t &ast;mutex,
                                  int &ast;prioceiling);
</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Omitted</title>

<screen>
int sched&lowbar;setparam(pid&lowbar;t pid, const struct sched&lowbar;param &ast;param); 
int sched&lowbar;getparam(pid&lowbar;t pid, struct sched&lowbar;param &ast;param); 
int sched&lowbar;setscheduler(pid&lowbar;t pid, int policy,
	               const struct sched&lowbar;param &ast;param); 
int sched&lowbar;getscheduler(pid&lowbar;t pid);
</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Notes</title>
        <itemizedlist>
	<listitem>
	  <para>
	  The functions <emphasis>sched&lowbar;setparam()</emphasis>, 
	  <emphasis>sched&lowbar;getparam()</emphasis>,
	  <emphasis>sched&lowbar;setscheduler()</emphasis> and
	  <emphasis>sched&lowbar;getscheduler()</emphasis> are present
	  but always return an error.
	  </para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>
	  The scheduler policy <emphasis>SCHED&lowbar;OTHER</emphasis> is
	  equivalent to <emphasis>SCHED&lowbar;RR</emphasis>.
	  </para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>
	  Only <emphasis>PTHREAD&lowbar;SCOPE&lowbar;SYSTEM</emphasis>
	  is supported as a
	  <emphasis role="strong">contentionscope</emphasis>
	  attribute.
	  </para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>
	  The default thread scheduling attributes are:
	  <screen>
	  contentionscope          PTHREAD&lowbar;SCOPE&lowbar;SYSTEM
	  inheritsched             PTHREAD&lowbar;INHERIT&lowbar;SCHED
	  schedpolicy              SCHED&lowbar;OTHER
	  schedparam.sched	   0
	  </screen>
          </para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>
	  Mutex priority inversion protection is controlled by a
	  number of kernel configuration options.
	  If CYGSEM&lowbar;KERNEL&lowbar;SYNCH&lowbar;MUTEX&lowbar;PRIORITY&lowbar;INVERSION&lowbar;PROTOCOL&lowbar;INHERIT
	  is defined then
	  &lcub;&lowbar;POSIX&lowbar;THREAD&lowbar;PRIO&lowbar;INHERIT&rcub;
	  will be defined and PTHREAD&lowbar;PRIO&lowbar;INHERIT may
	  be set as the protocol in a
	  <emphasis>pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;t</emphasis>
	  object.
	  If CYGSEM&lowbar;KERNEL&lowbar;SYNCH&lowbar;MUTEX&lowbar;PRIORITY&lowbar;INVERSION&lowbar;PROTOCOL&lowbar;CEILING
	  is defined then
	  &lcub;&lowbar;POSIX&lowbar;THREAD&lowbar;PRIO&lowbar;PROTECT&rcub;
	  will be defined and PTHREAD&lowbar;PRIO&lowbar;PROTECT may
	  be set as the protocol in a
	  <emphasis>pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;t</emphasis> object.
          </para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>
	  The default attribute values set by
	  <emphasis>pthread&lowbar;mutexattr&lowbar;init()</emphasis>
	  is to set the protocol attribute to
	  PTHREAD&lowbar;PRIO&lowbar;NONE and the prioceiling
	  attribute to zero.
	  </para>
	</listitem>
	</itemizedlist>

</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- }}} -->
<!-- {{{ Clocks and Timers -->

<sect1 id="posix-clocks-and-timers">
<title>Clocks and Timers &lsqb;POSIX Section 14&rsqb;</title>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Implemented</title>

<screen>
int clock&lowbar;settime( clockid&lowbar;t clock&lowbar;id,
const struct timespec &ast;tp); 
int clock&lowbar;gettime( clockid&lowbar;t clock&lowbar;id, struct timespec &ast;tp); 
int clock&lowbar;getres( clockid&lowbar;t clock&lowbar;id, struct timespec &ast;tp); 
int timer&lowbar;create( clockid&lowbar;t clock&lowbar;id, struct sigevent &ast;evp,
	          timer&lowbar;t &ast;timer&lowbar;id);
int timer&lowbar;delete( timer&lowbar;t timer&lowbar;id ); 
int timer&lowbar;settime( timer&lowbar;t timerid, int flags,
	           const struct itimerspec &ast;value,
	           struct itimerspec &ast;ovalue ); 
int timer&lowbar;gettime( timer&lowbar;t timerid, struct itimerspec &ast;value ); 
int timer&lowbar;getoverrun( timer&lowbar;t timerid ); 
int nanosleep( const struct timespec &ast;rqtp, struct timespec &ast;rmtp);
</screen>

</sect2>


<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Omitted</title>
	
<para>
&lt;none&gt;
</para>

</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Notes</title>

<itemizedlist>
  <listitem>
    <para>
    Currently <emphasis>timer&lowbar;getoverrun()</emphasis> only
    reports timer notifications that are delayed in the timer
    subsystem.  If they are delayed in the signal subsystem, due to
    signal masks for example, this is not counted as an overrun.
    </para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
    <para>
    The option CYGPKG&lowbar;POSIX&lowbar;TIMERS allows the timer support to be
    enabled or disabled, and causes &lowbar;POSIX&lowbar;TIMERS to be defined
    appropriately. This will cause other parts of the POSIX system to
    have limited functionality.
    </para>
  </listitem>

</itemizedlist>

</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- }}} -->
<!-- {{{ Message Passing -->

<sect1 id="posix-message-passing">
<title>Message Passing &lsqb;POSIX Section 15&rsqb;</title>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Implemented</title>

<screen>
mqd&lowbar;t mq&lowbar;open( const char &ast;name, int  oflag, ... ); 
int mq&lowbar;close( mqd&lowbar;t  mqdes ); 
int mq&lowbar;unlink( const char &ast;name );
int mq&lowbar;send( mqd&lowbar;t mqdes, const char &ast;msg&lowbar;ptr,
	     size&lowbar;t msg&lowbar;len, unsigned int msg&lowbar;prio ); 
ssize&lowbar;t mq&lowbar;receive( mqd&lowbar;t mqdes, char &ast;msg&lowbar;ptr,
	            size&lowbar;t msg&lowbar;len, unsigned int &ast;msg&lowbar;prio );
int mq&lowbar;setattr( mqd&lowbar;t mqdes, const struct mq&lowbar;attr &ast;mqstat,
	        struct mq&lowbar;attr &ast;omqstat ); 
int mq&lowbar;getattr( mqd&lowbar;t mqdes, struct mq&lowbar;attr &ast;mqstat ); 
int mq&lowbar;notify( mqd&lowbar;t mqdes, const struct sigevent &ast;notification );
</screen>
<para>From POSIX 1003.1d draft: </para>
<screen>
int mq&lowbar;send( mqd&lowbar;t mqdes, const char &ast;msg&lowbar;ptr,
	     size&lowbar;t msg&lowbar;len, unsigned int msg&lowbar;prio,
             const struct timespec *abs_timeout ); 
ssize&lowbar;t mq&lowbar;receive( mqd&lowbar;t mqdes, char &ast;msg&lowbar;ptr,
	            size&lowbar;t msg&lowbar;len, unsigned int &ast;msg&lowbar;prio,
             const struct timespec *abs_timeout );
</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Omitted</title>
	
<para>
&lt;none&gt;
</para>

</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Notes</title>

<itemizedlist>
  <listitem>
    <para>
    The presence of message queues is controlled by the
    CYGPKG&lowbar;POSIX&lowbar;MQUEUES option.  Setting this will
    cause &lsqb;&lowbar;POSIX&lowbar;MESSAGE&lowbar;PASSING&rsqb; to
    be defined and the message queue API to be made available.
    </para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
    <para>
    Message queues are not currently filesystem objects. They live in
    their own name and descriptor spaces.
    </para>
  </listitem>
</itemizedlist>

</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- }}} -->
<!-- {{{ Thread Management -->

<sect1 id="posix-thread-management">
<title>Thread Management &lsqb;POSIX Section 16&rsqb;</title>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Implemented</title>

<screen>
int pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;init(pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;t &ast;attr); 
int pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;destroy(pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;t &ast;attr); 
int pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;setdetachstate(pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;t &ast;attr,
                                int detachstate); 
int pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;getdetachstate(const pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;t &ast;attr,
	                        int &ast;detachstate); 
int pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;setstackaddr(pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;t &ast;attr,
                              void &ast;stackaddr); 
int pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;getstackaddr(const pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;t &ast;attr,
	                      void &ast;&ast;stackaddr); 
int pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;setstacksize(pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;t &ast;attr,
                              size&lowbar;t stacksize); 
int pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;getstacksize(const pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;t &ast;attr,
	                      size&lowbar;t &ast;stacksize); 
int pthread&lowbar;create( pthread&lowbar;t &ast;thread,
                    const pthread&lowbar;attr&lowbar;t &ast;attr,
	            void &ast;(&ast;start&lowbar;routine)(void &ast;),
	            void &ast;arg);
pthread&lowbar;t pthread&lowbar;self( void ); 
int pthread&lowbar;equal(pthread&lowbar;t thread1, pthread&lowbar;t thread2); 
void pthread&lowbar;exit(void &ast;retval); 
int pthread&lowbar;join(pthread&lowbar;t thread, void &ast;&ast;thread&lowbar;return); 
int pthread&lowbar;detach(pthread&lowbar;t thread); 
int pthread&lowbar;once(pthread&lowbar;once&lowbar;t &ast;once&lowbar;control,
	         void (&ast;init&lowbar;routine)(void));
</screen>

</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Omitted</title>
	
<para>
&lt;none&gt;
</para>

</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Notes</title>

<itemizedlist>
  <listitem>
    <para>
    The presence of thread support as a whole is controlled by the the
    CYGPKG_POSIX_PTHREAD configuration option. Note that disabling
    this will also disable many other features of the POSIX package,
    since these are intimately bound up with the thread mechanism.
    </para>
  </listitem>
  
  <listitem>
    <para>
    The default (non-scheduling) thread attributes are:
    </para>
    <screen>
    detachstate            PTHREAD&lowbar;CREATE&lowbar;JOINABLE
    stackaddr              unset
    stacksize              unset
    </screen>
  </listitem>
  
  <listitem>
    <para>
      Dynamic thread stack allocation is only provided if there is an
      implementation of
      <emphasis>malloc()</emphasis> configured (i.e. a package
      implements the
      CYGINT&lowbar;MEMALLOC&lowbar;MALLOC&lowbar;ALLOCATORS
      interface). If there is no malloc() available, then the thread
      creator must supply a stack. If only a stack address is supplied
      then the stack is assumed to be PTHREAD&lowbar;STACK&lowbar;MIN
      bytes long. This size is seldom useful for any but the most
      trivial of threads.  If a different sized stack is used, both
      the stack address and stack size must be supplied.
    </para>
  </listitem>
  
  <listitem>
    <para>
      The value of PTHREAD&lowbar;THREADS&lowbar;MAX is supplied by
      the CYGNUM&lowbar;POSIX&lowbar;PTHREAD&lowbar;THREADS&lowbar;MAX
      option. This defines the maximum number of threads allowed. The
      POSIX standard requires this value to be at least 64, and this
      is the default value set.
    </para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
    <para>
    When the POSIX package is installed, the thread that calls 
    <emphasis>main()</emphasis> is initialized as a POSIX thread. The
    priority of that thread is controlled by the
    CYGNUM&lowbar;POSIX&lowbar;MAIN&lowbar;DEFAULT&lowbar;PRIORITY option.
    </para>
  </listitem>
</itemizedlist>

</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- }}} -->
<!-- {{{ Thread-Specific Data -->

<sect1 id="posix-thread-specific-data">
<title>Thread-Specific Data &lsqb;POSIX Section 17&rsqb;</title>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Implemented</title>

<screen>
int pthread&lowbar;key&lowbar;create(pthread&lowbar;key&lowbar;t &ast;key,
	               void (&ast;destructor)(void &ast;)); 
int pthread&lowbar;setspecific(pthread&lowbar;key&lowbar;t key, const void &ast;pointer); 
void &ast;pthread&lowbar;getspecific(pthread&lowbar;key&lowbar;t key); 
int pthread&lowbar;key&lowbar;delete(pthread&lowbar;key&lowbar;t key);
</screen>

</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Omitted</title>
<para>
&lt;none&gt;
</para>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Notes</title>

<itemizedlist>
  <listitem>
    <para>
    The value of PTHREAD&lowbar;DESTRUCTOR&lowbar;ITERATIONS is
    provided by the
    CYGNUM&lowbar;POSIX&lowbar;PTHREAD&lowbar;DESTRUCTOR&lowbar;ITERATIONS
    option. This controls the number of times that a key destructor
    will be called while the data item remains non-NULL.
    </para>
  </listitem>
  
  <listitem>
    <para>
    The value of PTHREAD&lowbar;KEYS&lowbar;MAX is provided
    by the CYGNUM&lowbar;POSIX&lowbar;PTHREAD&lowbar;KEYS&lowbar;MAX
    option. This defines the maximum number of per-thread data items
    supported. The POSIX standard calls for this to be a minimum of
    128, which is rather large for an embedded system. The default
    value for this option is set to 128 for compatibility but it
    should be reduced to a more usable value.
    </para>
  </listitem>
</itemizedlist>

</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- }}} -->
<!-- {{{ Thread Cancellation -->

<sect1 id="posix-thread-cancellation">
<title>Thread Cancellation &lsqb;POSIX Section 18&rsqb;</title>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Implemented</title>

<screen>
int pthread&lowbar;cancel(pthread&lowbar;t thread); 
int pthread&lowbar;setcancelstate(int state, int &ast;oldstate); 
int pthread&lowbar;setcanceltype(int type, int &ast;oldtype); 
void pthread&lowbar;testcancel(void); 
void pthread&lowbar;cleanup&lowbar;push( void (&ast;routine)(void &ast;),
                           void &ast;arg); 
void pthread&lowbar;cleanup&lowbar;pop( int execute);
</screen>
</sect2>


<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Functions Omitted</title>
<para>
&lt;none&gt;
</para>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Notes</title>
<para>
Asynchronous cancellation is only partially implemented.  In
particular, cancellation may occur in unexpected places in some
functions. It is strongly recommended that only synchronous
cancellation be used. 
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- }}} -->
<!-- {{{ Non-POSIX Functions -->

<sect1 id="posix-non-posix-functions">
<title>Non-POSIX Functions</title>
	
<para>
In addition to the standard POSIX functions defined above, the
following non-POSIX functions are defined in the FILEIO package.
</para>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>General I&sol;O Functions</title>
<screen>
int ioctl( int fd, CYG&lowbar;ADDRWORD com, CYG&lowbar;ADDRWORD data ); 
int select( int nfd, fd&lowbar;set &ast;in, fd&lowbar;set &ast;out, fd&lowbar;set &ast;ex, struct timeval &ast;tv);
</screen>
</sect2>


<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Socket Functions</title>
<screen>
int socket( int domain, int type, int protocol); 
int bind( int s, const struct sockaddr &ast;sa, unsigned int len); 
int listen( int s, int len); 
int accept( int s, struct sockaddr &ast;sa, socklen&lowbar;t &ast;addrlen); 
int connect( int s, const struct sockaddr &ast;sa, socklen&lowbar;t len); 
int getpeername( int s, struct sockaddr &ast;sa, socklen&lowbar;t &ast;len); 
int getsockname( int s, struct sockaddr &ast;sa, socklen&lowbar;t &ast;len); 
int setsockopt( int s, int level, int optname, const void &ast;optval,
	        socklen&lowbar;t optlen); 
int getsockopt( int s, int level, int optname, void &ast;optval,
	        socklen&lowbar;t &ast;optlen); 
ssize&lowbar;t recvmsg( int s, struct msghdr &ast;msg, int flags); 
ssize&lowbar;t recvfrom( int s, void &ast;buf, size&lowbar;t len, int flags, 
	          struct sockaddr &ast;from, socklen&lowbar;t &ast;fromlen); 
ssize&lowbar;t recv( int s, void &ast;buf, size&lowbar;t len, int flags); 
ssize&lowbar;t sendmsg( int s, const struct msghdr &ast;msg, int flags); 
ssize&lowbar;t sendto( int s, const void &ast;buf, size&lowbar;t len, int flags, 
	        const struct sockaddr &ast;to, socklen&lowbar;t tolen); 
ssize&lowbar;t send( int s, const void &ast;buf, size&lowbar;t len, int flags); 
int shutdown( int s, int how);
</screen>
</sect2>

<!-- =================================================================== -->

<sect2>
<title>Notes</title>
<itemizedlist>
  <listitem>
   <para>
   The precise behaviour of these functions depends mainly on the
   functionality of the underlying filesystem or network stack to
   which they are applied.
   </para>
  </listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- }}} -->

</chapter>

<!-- {{{ Bibliography -->

<bibliography id="posix-references-and-bibliography">
<title>References and Bibliography</title>

    <bibliomixed>
      <bibliomisc>[ELIX]</bibliomisc>
      <title>Embedded Linux API Specification</title>
      <bibliomisc><ulink
	  url="http://sources.redhat.com/elix/">http://sources.redhat.com/elix/
	</ulink></bibliomisc>
    </bibliomixed>
    <bibliomixed>
      <bibliomisc>&lsqb;Lewine&rsqb;</bibliomisc>
      <author>
	<firstname>Donald</firstname>
	<othername>A.</othername>
	<surname>Lweine</surname>
      </author>
      <title>Posix Programmer&rsquo;s Guide: Writing Portable Unix
	Programs With the POSIX.1 Standard O&rsquo;Reilly &amp;
	Associates; ISBN: 0937175730.</title></bibliomixed>

    <bibliomixed>
      <bibliomisc>&lsqb;Lewis1&rsqb;</bibliomisc>
      <author>
	<firstname>Bil</firstname>
	<surname>Lewis</surname>
      </author>
      <author>
	<firstname>Daniel</firstname>
	<othername>J.</othername>
	<surname>Berg</surname>
      </author>
      <title>Threads Primer: A Guide to Multithreaded Programming</title>
      <publishername>Prentice Hall</publishername>
      <isbn>ISBN: 013443698</isbn>
    </bibliomixed>

    <bibliomixed>
      <bibliomisc>&lsqb;Lewis2&rsqb;</bibliomisc>
      <author>
	<firstname>Bil</firstname>
	<surname>Lewis</surname>
      </author>
      <author>
	<firstname>Daniel</firstname>
	<othername>J.</othername>
	<surname>Berg</surname>
      </author>
      <title>Multithreaded Programming With Pthreads</title>
      <publisher>
	<publishername>Prentice Hall Computer Books</publishername>
      </publisher>
      <isbn>ISBN: 0136807291</isbn>
    </bibliomixed>

    <bibliomixed>
      <bibliomisc>&lsqb;Nichols&rsqb;</bibliomisc>
      <author>
	<firstname>Bradford</firstname>
	<surname>Nichols</surname>
      </author>
      <author>
	<firstname>Dick</firstname>
	<surname>Buttlar</surname>
      </author>
      <author>
	<firstname>Jacqueline</firstname>
	<othername>Proulx</othername>
	<surname>Farrell</surname>
      </author>
      <title>Pthreads Programming: A POSIX Standard for Better
	Multiprocessing (O&rsquo;Reilly Nutshell)</title>
      <publisher><publishername>O&rsquo;Reilly &amp; Associates</publishername>
      </publisher>
      <isbn>ISBN: 1565921151</isbn>
    </bibliomixed>

    <bibliomixed>
      <bibliomisc>&lsqb;Norton&rsqb;</bibliomisc>
      <author>
	<firstname>Scott</firstname>
	<othername>J.</othername>
	<surname>Norton</surname>
      </author>
      <author>
	<firstname>Mark</firstname>
	<othername>D.</othername>
	<surname>Depasquale</surname>
      </author>
      <title>Thread Time: The MultiThreaded Programming Guide</title>
      <publisher><publishername>Prentice Hall</publishername>
      </publisher>
      <isbn>ISBN: 0131900676</isbn></bibliomixed>


    <bibliomixed>
      <bibliomisc>&lsqb;POSIX&rsqb;</bibliomisc>
      <title>Portable Operating System Interface(POSIX) -
Part 1: System Application Programming Interface (API)&lsqb;C
Language&rsqb;</title>
      <corpauthor>ISO&sol;IEC 9945-1:1996, IEEE</corpauthor></bibliomixed>

    <bibliomixed>
      <bibliomisc>&lsqb;SUS2&rsqb;</bibliomisc>
      <title>Open Group; Single Unix Specification, Version 2</title>
      <bibliomisc><ulink
      url="http://www.opengroup.org/public/pubs/online/7908799/index.html">http://www.opengroup.org/public/pubs/online/7908799/index.html</ulink></bibliomisc>
    </bibliomixed>

  </bibliography>

<!-- }}} -->

</part>
