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<!-- Author(s):   bartv                                              -->
<!-- Date:        2004/11/05                                         -->
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<part id="devs-flash-am29xxxxx"><title>AMD AM29xxxxx Flash Device Driver</title>

<refentry id="am29xxxxx">
  <refmeta>
    <refentrytitle>Overview</refentrytitle>
  </refmeta>
  <refnamediv>
    <refname>Overview</refname>
    <refpurpose>eCos Support for AMD AM29xxxxx Flash Devices and Compatibles</refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>

  <refsect1 id="am29xxxxx-description"><title>Description</title>
    <para>
The <varname>CYGPKG_DEVS_FLASH_AMD_AM29XXXXX_V2</varname> AMD
AM29xxxxx V2 flash driver package implements support for the AM29xxxxx
family of flash devices and compatibles. The driver is not normally
accessed directly. Instead application code will use the API provided
by the generic flash driver package
<varname>CYGPKG_IO_FLASH</varname>, for example by calling functions
like <function>cyg_flash_program</function>.
    </para>
    <para>
The driver imposes one restriction on application code which
developers should be aware of: when programming the flash the
destination addresses must be aligned to a bus boundary. For example
if the target hardware has a single flash device attached to a 16-bit
bus then program operations must involve a multiple of 16-bit values
aligned to a 16-bit boundary. Note that it is the bus width that
matters, not the device width. If the target hardware has two 16-bit
devices attached to a 32-bit bus then program operations must still be
aligned to a 32-bit boundary, even though in theory a 16-bit boundary
would suffice. In practice this is rarely an issue, and requiring the
larger boundary greatly simplifies the code and improves performance.
    </para>
    <note><para>
Many eCos targets with AM29xxxxx or compatible flash devices will
still use the older driver package
<varname>CYGPKG_DEVS_FLASH_AMD_AM29XXXXX</varname>. Only newer ports
and some older ports that have been converted will use the V2 driver.
This documentation only applies to the V2 driver.
    </para></note>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1 id="am29xxxxx-config"><title>Configuration Options</title>
    <para>
The AM29xxxxx flash driver package will be loaded automatically when
configuring eCos for a target with suitable hardware. However the
driver will be inactive unless the generic flash package
<varname>CYGPKG_IO_FLASH</varname> is loaded. It may be necessary to
add this generic package to the configuration explicitly before the
driver functionality becomes available. There should never be any need
to load or unload the AM29xxxx driver package.
    </para>
    <para>
The AM29xxxxx flash driver package contains a small number of
configuration options, relating mostly to hardware characteristics. It
is very rare that application developers need to change any of these.
For example the option
<varname>CYGNUM_DEVS_FLASH_AMD_AM29XXXXX_V2_ERASE_REGIONS</varname>
may need a non-default value if the flash devices used on the target
have an unusual boot block layout. If so the platform HAL will impose
a requires constraint on this option and the configuration system will
resolve the constraint. The only time it might be necessary to change
the value manually is if the actual board being used is a variant of
the one supported by the platform HAL and uses a different flash chip.
    </para>
  </refsect1>
</refentry>

<refentry id="am29xxxxx-instance">
  <refmeta>
    <refentrytitle>Instantiating an AM29xxxxx Device</refentrytitle>
  </refmeta>
  <refnamediv>
    <refname>Instantiating</refname>
    <refpurpose>including the driver in an eCos target</refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>
  <refsynopsisdiv>
    <funcsynopsis>
      <funcsynopsisinfo>
#include &lt;cyg/io/am29xxxxx_dev.h&gt;
      </funcsynopsisinfo>
      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>int <function>cyg_am29xxxxx_init_nop</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef>struct cyg_flash_dev* <parameter>device</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>int <function>cyg_am29xxxxx_init_check_devid_XX</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef>struct cyg_flash_dev* <parameter>device</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>int <function>cyg_am29xxxxx_init_cfi_XX</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef>struct cyg_flash_dev* <parameter>device</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>int <function>cyg_am29xxxxx_erase_XX</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef>struct cyg_flash_dev* <parameter>device</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const cyg_flashaddr_t <parameter>addr</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>int <function>cyg_am29xxxxx_program_XX</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef>struct cyg_flash_dev* <parameter>device</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const cyg_flashaddr_t <parameter>addr</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const void* <parameter>data</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const size_t <parameter>len</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>int <function>cyg_am29xxxxx_query_nop</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef>struct cyg_flash_dev* <parameter>device</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>void* <parameter>data</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const size_t <parameter>len</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>int <function>cyg_am29xxxxx_hwr_map_error_nop</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef>struct cyg_flash_dev* <parameter>device</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>int <parameter>err</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>int <function>cyg_am29xxxxx_lock_nop</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef>struct cyg_flash_dev* <parameter>device</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const cyg_flashaddr_t <parameter>addr</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>int <function>cyg_am29xxxxx_unlock_nop</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef>struct cyg_flash_dev* <parameter>device</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const cyg_flashaddr_t <parameter>addr</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>int <function>cyg_am29xxxxx_read_devid_XX</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef>struct cyg_flash_dev* <parameter>device</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
    </funcsynopsis>
  </refsynopsisdiv>

  <refsect1 id="am29xxxxx-instance-description"><title>Description</title>
    <para>
The AM29xxxxx family contains some hundreds of different flash
devices, all supporting the same basic set of operations, with various
common or uncommon extensions. The devices vary in capacity,
performance, boot block layout, and width. There are also
platform-specific issues such as how many devices are actually present
on the board and where they are mapped in the address space. The
AM29xxxxx driver package cannot know all this information. Instead it
is the responsibility of another package, usually the platform HAL, to
instantiate some flash device structures. Two pieces of information
are especially important: the bus configuration and the boot block
layout.
    </para>
    <para>
Flash devices are typically 8-bits, 16-bits, or 32-bits wide (64-bit
devices are not yet in common use). Most 16-bit devices will also
support 8-bit accesses, but not all. Similarly 32-bit devices can be
accessed 16-bits at a time or 8-bits at a time. A board will have one
or more of these devices on the bus. For example there may be a single
16-bit device on a 16-bit bus, or two 16-bit devices on a 32-bit bus.
The processor's bus logic determines which combinations are possible,
and usually there will be a trade off between cost and performance.
For example two 16-bit devices in parallel can provide twice the
memory bandwidth of a single device. The driver supports the following
combinations:
    </para>
    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
        <term>8</term>
        <listitem><para>
A single 8-bit flash device on an 8-bit bus.
        </para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term>16</term>
        <listitem><para>
A single 16-bit flash device on a 16-bit bus.
        </para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term>32</term>
        <listitem><para>
A single 32-bit flash device on an 32-bit bus.
        </para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term>88</term>
        <listitem><para>
Two parallel 8-bit devices on an 16-bit bus.
        </para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term>8888</term>
        <listitem><para>
Four parallel 8-bit devices on a 32-bit bus.
        </para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term>1616</term>
        <listitem><para>
Two parallel 16-bit devices on a 32-bit bus, with one device providing
the bottom two bytes of each 32-bit datum and the other device
providing the upper two bytes.
        </para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term>16as8</term>
        <listitem><para>
A single 16-bit flash device connected to an 8-bit bus.
        </para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
    <para>
These configuration all require slightly different code to manipulate
the hardware. The AM29xxxxx driver package provides separate functions
for each configuration, for example
<function>cyg_am29xxxxx_erase_16</function> and
<function>cyg_am29xxxxx_program_1616</function>. 
    </para>
    <caution><para>
At the time of writing not all the configurations have been tested.
    </para></caution>
    <para>
The second piece of information is the boot block layout. Flash
devices are subdivided into blocks (also known as sectors, both terms
are in common use). Some operations such as erase work on a whole
block at a time, and for most applications a block is the smallest
unit that gets updated. A typical block size is 64K. It is inefficient
to use an entire 64K block for small bits of configuration data and
similar information, so many flash devices also support a number of
smaller boot blocks. A typical 2MB flash device could have a single
16K block, followed by two 8K blocks, then a 32K block, and finally 31
full-size 64K blocks. The boot blocks may appear at the bottom or the
top of the device. So-called uniform devices do not have boot blocks,
just full-size ones. The driver needs to know the boot block layout.
With modern devices it can work this out at run-time, but often it is
better to provide the information statically.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1 id="am29xxxxx-instance-example"><title>Example</title>
    <para>
Flash support is usually specific to each platform. Even if two
platforms happen to use the same flash device there are likely to be
differences such as the location in the address map. Hence there is
little possibility of re-using the platform-specific code, and this
code is generally placed in the platform HAL rather than in a separate
package. Typically this involves a separate file and a corresponding
compile property in the platform HAL's CDL:
    </para>
    <programlisting width=72>
cdl_package CYGPKG_HAL_M68K_ALAIA {
    &hellip;
    compile -library=libextras.a alaia_flash.c
    &hellip;
}
    </programlisting>
    <para>
The contents of this file will not be accessed directly, only
indirectly via the generic flash API, so normally it would be removed
by link-time garbage collection. To avoid this the object file has to
go into <filename>libextras.a</filename>.
    </para>
    <para>
The actual file <filename>alaia_flash.c</filename> will look something like:
    </para>
    <programlisting>
#include &lt;pkgconf/system.h&gt;
#ifdef CYGPKG_DEVS_FLASH_AMD_AM29XXXXX_V2

#include &lt;cyg/io/flash.h&gt;
#include &lt;cyg/io/flash_priv.h&gt;
#include &lt;cyg/io/am29xxxxx_dev.h&gt;

static const CYG_FLASH_FUNS(hal_alaia_flash_amd_funs,
    &amp;cyg_am29xxxxx_init_check_devid_16,
    &amp;cyg_am29xxxxx_query_nop,
    &amp;cyg_am29xxxxx_erase_16,
    &amp;cyg_am29xxxxx_program_16,
    (int (*)(struct cyg_flash_dev*, const cyg_flashaddr_t, void*, const size_t))0,
    &amp;cyg_am29xxxxx_hwr_map_error_nop,
    &amp;cyg_am29xxxxx_lock_nop,
    &amp;cyg_am29xxxxx_unlock_nop);

static const cyg_am29xxxxx_dev hal_alaia_flash_priv = {
    .devid      = 0x45,
    .block_info = {
        { 0x00004000, 1 },
        { 0x00002000, 2 },
        { 0x00008000, 1 },
        { 0x00010000, 63 }
    }
};

struct cyg_flash_dev hal_alaia_flash CYG_HAL_TABLE_ENTRY(cyg_flashdev) = {
    .funs               = &amp;hal_alaia_flash_amd_funs,
    .start              = 0xFFE00000,
    .end                = 0xFFFFFFFF,
    .num_block_infos    = 4,
    .block_info         = hal_alaia_flash_priv.block_info,
    .priv               = &amp;hal_alaia_flash_priv
};
#endif
    </programlisting>
    <para>
The bulk of the file is protected by an ifdef for the AM29xxxxx flash
driver. That driver will only be active if the generic flash support
is enabled. Without that support there will be no way of accessing
the device so there is no point in instantiating the device. The rest
of the file is split into three definitions. The first supplies the
functions which will be used to perform the actual flash accesses,
using a macro provided by the generic flash code in <filename
class="headerfile">cyg/io/flash_priv.h</filename>. The
relevant ones have an <literal>_16</literal> suffix, indicating that
on this board there is a single 16-bit flash device on a 16-bit
bus. The second definition provides information specific to AM29xxxxx
flash devices. The third provides the
<structname>cyg_flash_dev</structname> structure needed by the generic
flash code, which contains pointers to the previous two.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1 id="am29xxxxx-instance-functions"><title>Functions</title>
    <para>
All eCos flash device drivers must implement a standard interface,
defined by the generic flash code <varname>CYGPKG_IO_FLASH</varname>.
This interface includes a table of 8 function pointers for various
operations: initialization, query, erase, program, read, error code
handling, locking and unlocking. The query operation is optional and
the AM29xxxxx driver only provides a dummy implementation
<function>cyg_am29xxxxx_query_nop</function>. AM29xxxxx flash devices
are always directly accessible so there is no need for a separate read
function. Standard flash error codes are used so only a dummy
<function>cyg_am29xxxxx_hwr_map_error_nop</function> function is
needed. The remaining functions are more complicated.
    </para>
    <para>
Usually the table can be declared <literal>const</literal>. In a ROM
startup application this avoids both ROM and RAM copies of the table,
saving a small amount of memory. <literal>const</literal> should not
be used if the table may be modified by a platform-specific
initialization routine.
    </para>

    <refsect2 id="am29xxxxx-instance-functions-init"><title>Initialization</title>
      <para>
There is a choice of three main initialization functions. The simplest
is <function>cyg_am29xxxxx_init_nop</function>, which does nothing. It
can be used if the <structname>cyg_am29xxxxx_dev</structname> and
<structname>cyg_flash_dev</structname> structures are fully
initialized statically and the flash will just work without special
effort. This is useful if it is guaranteed that the board will always
be manufactured using the same flash chip, since the nop function
involves the smallest code size and run-time overheads.
      </para>
      <para>
The next step up is
<function>cyg_am29xxxxx_init_check_devid_XX</function>, where
<literal>XX</literal> will be replaced by the suffix appropriate for the
bus configuration. It is still necessary to provide all the device
information statically, including the <structfield>devid</structfield>
field in the <structname>cyg_am29xxxxx_dev</structname> structure.
However this initialization function will attempt to query the flash
device and check that the provided device id matches the actual
hardware. If there is a mismatch the device will be marked
uninitialized and subsequent attempts to manipulate the flash will
fail.
      </para>
      <para>
If the board may end up being manufactured with any of a number of
different flash chips then the driver can perform run-time
initialization, using a <function>cyg_am29xxxxx_init_cfi_XX</function>
function. This queries the flash device as per the Common Flash Memory
Interface Specification, supported by all current devices (although
not necessarily by older devices). The
<structfield>block_info</structfield> field in the
<structname>cyg_am29xxxxx_dev</structname> structure and the
<structfield>end</structfield> and
<structfield>num_block_infos</structfield> fields in the
<structname>cyg_flash_dev</structname> structure will be filled in.
It is still necessary to supply the <structfield>start</structfield>
field statically since otherwise the driver will not know how to
access the flash device. The main disadvantage of using CFI is that it
will increase the code size.
      </para>
      <para>
A final option is to use a platform-specific initialization function.
This may be useful if the board may be manufactured with one of a
small number of different flash devices and the platform HAL needs to
adapt to this. The AM29xxxxx driver provides a utility function to
read the device id, <function>cyg_am29xxxxx_read_devid_XX</function>:
      </para>
      <programlisting width=72>
static int
alaia_flash_init(struct cyg_flash_dev* dev)
{
    int devid = cyg_am29xxxxx_read_devid_1616(dev);
    switch(devid) {
        case 0x0042 :
          &hellip;
        case 0x0084 :
          &hellip;
        default:
          return CYG_FLASH_ERR_DRV_WRONG_PART;
    }
}
      </programlisting>
      <para>
There are many other possible uses for a platform-specific
initialization function. For example initial prototype boards might
have only supported 8-bit access to a 16-bit flash device rather than
16-bit access, but this was fixed in the next revision. The
platform-specific initialization function could figure out which model
board it is running on and replace the default
<literal>16as8</literal> functions with <literal>16</literal> ones.
      </para>
    </refsect2>

    <refsect2 id="am29xxxxx-instance-functions-erase-program"><title>Erase and Program</title>
      <para>
The AM29xxxxx driver provides erase and program functions appropriate
for the various bus configurations. On most targets these can be used
directly. On some targets it may be necessary to do some extra work
before and after the erase and program operations. For example if the
hardware has an MMU then the part of the address map containing the
flash may have been set to read-only, in an attempt to catch spurious
memory accesses. Erasing or programming the flash requires
write-access, so the MMU settings have to be changed temporarily. For
another example some flash device may require a higher voltage to be
applied during an erase or program operation. or a higher voltage may
be desirable to make the operation proceed faster. A typical
platform-specific erase function would look like this:
      </para>
      <programlisting width=72>
static int
alaia_flash_erase(struct cyg_flash_dev* dev, const cyg_flashaddr_t addr)
{
    int result;
    &hellip;  // Set up the hardware for an erase
    result = cyg_am29xxxxx_erase_32(dev, addr);
    &hellip;  // Revert the hardware change
    return result;
}
      </programlisting>
      <para>
There are two configurations which affect the erase and program
functions, and which a platform HAL may wish to change:
<varname>CYGNUM_DEVS_FLASH_AMD_AM29XXXXX_V2_ERASE_TIMEOUT</varname>
and
<varname>CYGNUM_DEVS_FLASH_AMD_AM29XXXXX_V2_PROGRAM_TIMEOUT</varname>.
The erase and program operations both involve polling for completion,
and these timeout impose an upper bound on the polling loop. Normally
these operations should never take anywhere close to the timeout
period, and hence a timeout probably indicates a catastrophic failure
that should really be handled by a watchdog reset. A reset is
particularly appropriate because there will be no clean way of
aborting the flash operation. The main reason for the timeouts is
to help with debugging when porting to new hardware. If there is a
valid reason why a particular platform needs different timeouts then
the platform HAL's CDL can require appropriate values for these
options.
      </para>
    </refsect2>

    <refsect2 id="am29xxxxx-instance-functions-locking"><title>Locking</title>
      <para>
There is no single way of implementing the block lock and unlock
operations on AM29xxxxx devices. If these operations are supported at
all then usually they involve manipulating the voltages on certain
pins. This cannot be handled by generic driver code since it requires
knowing exactly how these pins can be manipulated via the processor's
GPIO pins. Therefore the AM29xxxxx driver does not provide functional
lock and unlock functions, only dummy functions
<function>cyg_am29xxxxx_lock_nop</function> and
<function>cyg_am29xxxxx_unlock_nop</function>. If there is a way of
implementing the locking then this can be handled by platform-specific
functions.
      </para>
      <programlisting width=72>
static int
alaia_lock(struct cyg_flash_dev* dev, const cyg_flashaddr_t addr)
{
    &hellip;
}

static int
alaia_unlock(struct cyg_flash_dev* dev, const cyg_flashaddr_t addr)
{
    &hellip;
}
      </programlisting>
    </refsect2>

    <refsect2 id="am29xxxxx-instance-functions-other"><title>Other</title>
      <para>
The driver provides a set of functions
<function>cyg_am29xxxxx_read_devid_XX</function>, one per supported
bus configuration. These functions take a single argument, a pointer
to the <structname>cyg_flash_dev</structname> structure, and return
the chip's device id. For older devices this id is a single byte. For
more recent devices the id is a 3-byte value, 0x7E followed by a
further two bytes that actually identify the device.
<function>cyg_am29xxxxx_read_devid_XX</function> is usually called
only from inside a platform-specific driver initialization routine,
allowing the platform HAL to adapt to the actual device present on the
board.
      </para>
    </refsect2>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1 id="am29xxxxx-instance-devpriv"><title>Device-Specific Structure</title>
    <para>
The <structname>cyg_am29xxxxx_dev</structname> structure provides
information specific to AM29xxxxx flash devices, as opposed to the
more generic flash information which goes into the
<structname>cyg_flash_dev</structname> structure. There are only two
fields: <structfield>devid</structfield> and
<structfield>block_info</structfield>.
    </para>
    <para>
<structfield>devid</structfield> is only needed if the driver's
initialization function is set to
<function>cyg_am29xxxxx_init_check_devid_XX</function>. That function
will extract the actual device info from the flash chip and compare it
with the <structfield>devid</structfield> field. If there is a
mismatch then subsequent operations on the device will fail.
    </para>
    <para>
The <structfield>block_info</structfield> field consists of one or
more pairs of the block size in bytes and the number of blocks of that
size. The order must match the actual hardware device since the flash
code will use the table to determine the start and end locations of
each block. The table can be initialized in one of three ways:
    </para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem><para>
If the driver initialization function is set to
<function>cyg_am29xxxxx_init_nop</function> or
<function>cyg_am29xxxxx_init_check_devid_XX</function> then the block
information should be provided statically. This is appropriate if the
board will also be manufactured using the same flash chip.
      </para></listitem>
      <listitem><para>
If <function>cyg_am29xxxxx_init_cfi_XX</function> is used then this
will fill in the block info table. Hence there is no need for static
initialization.
      </para></listitem>
      <listitem><para>
If a platform-specific initialization function is used then either
this should fill in the block info table, or the info should be
provided statically.
      </para></listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>
The size of the <structfield>block_info</structfield> table is
determined by the configuration option
<varname>CYGNUM_DEVS_FLASH_AMD_AM29XXXXX_V2_ERASE_REGIONS</varname>.
This has a default value of 4, which should suffice for nearly all
AM29xxxxx flash devices. If more entries are needed then the platform
HAL's CDL script should require a larger value.
    </para>
    <para>
If the <structname>cyg_am29xxxxx_dev</structname> structure is
statically initialized then it can be <literal>const</literal>. This
saves a small amount of memory in ROM startup applications. If the
structure may be updated at run-time, either by
<function>cyg_am29xxxxx_init_cfi_XX</function> or by a
platform-specific initialization routine, then it cannot be
<literal>const</literal>.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1 id="am29xxxxx-instance-flash"><title>Flash Structure</title>
    <para>
Internally the flash code works in terms of
<structname>cyg_flash_dev</structname> structures, and the platform
HAL should define one of these. The structure should be placed in the
<literal>cyg_flashdev</literal> table. The following fields need to be
provided:
    </para>
    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><structfield>funs</structfield></term>
        <listitem><para>
This should point at the table of functions.
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><structfield>start</structfield></term>
        <listitem><para>
The base address of the flash in the address map. On
some board the flash may be mapped into memory several times, for
example it may appear in both cached and uncached parts of the address
space. The <structfield>start</structfield> field should correspond to
the cached address.
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><structfield>end</structfield></term>
        <listitem><para>
The address of the last byte in the flash. It can
either be statically initialized, or
<function>cyg_am29xxxxx_init_cfi_XX</function> will calculate
its value at run-time.
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><structfield>num_block_infos</structfield></term>
        <listitem><para>
This should be the number of entries in the
<structfield>block_info</structfield> table. It can either be
statically initialized or it will be filled in by
<function>cyg_am29xxxxx_init_cfi_XX</function>.
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><structfield>block_info</structfield></term>
        <listitem><para>
The table with the block information is held in the
<structname>cyg_am29xxxxx_dev</structname> structure, so this field
should just point into that structure.
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><structfield>priv</structfield></term>
        <listitem><para>
This field is reserved for use by the device driver. For the AM29xxxxx
driver it should point at the appropriate
<structname>cyg_am29xxxxx</structname> structure. 
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
    <para>
The <structname>cyg_flash_dev</structname> structure contains a number
of other fields which are manipulated only by the generic flash code.
Some of these fields will be updated at run-time so the structure
cannot be declared <literal>const</literal>.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1 id="am29xxxxx-instance-serial"><title>Multiple Devices</title>
    <para>
A board may have several flash devices in parallel, for example two
16-bit devices on a 32-bit bus. It may also have several such banks
to increase the total amount of flash. If each device provides 2MB,
there could be one bank of 2 parallel flash devices at 0xFF800000 and
another bank at 0xFFC00000, giving a total of 8MB. This setup can be
described in several ways. One approach is to define two
<structname>cyg_flash_dev</structname> structures. The table of
function pointers can usually be shared, as can the
<structname>cyg_am29xxxxx_dev</structname> structure. Another approach
is to define a single <structname>cyg_flash_dev</structname>
structure but with a larger <structfield>block_info</structfield>
table, covering the blocks in both banks of devices. The second
approach makes more efficient use of memory.
    </para>
    <para>
Many variations are possible, for example a small slow flash device
may be used for initial bootstrap and holding the configuration data,
while there is also a much larger and faster device to hold a file
system. Such variations are usually best described by separate
<structname>cyg_flash_dev</structname> structures.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1 id="am29xxxxx-instance-platform"><title>Platform-Specific Macros</title>
    <para>
The AM29xxxxx driver source code includes the header files
<filename class="headerfile">cyg/hal/hal_arch.h</filename> and
<filename class="headerfile">cyg/hal/hal_io.h</filename>, and hence
indirectly the corresponding platform header files (if defined).
Optionally these headers can define macros which are used inside the
driver, thus giving the HAL limited control over how the driver works.
    </para>
    <para>
<function>HAL_AM29XXXXX_P2V</function> provides control over the
addresses used to manipulate the flash. For example the flash device
may be mirrored in the address space: if the top bit of the address is
clear then the memory access will go via the cache; if the top bit is
set then the access will bypass the cache. Ordinary read accesses
should go via the cache so the <structfield>start</structfield> field
in the <structname>cyg_flash_dev</structname> structure should have
the top bit clear. <function>HAL_AM29XXXXX_P2V</function> can then or
in the top bit, ensuring that the cache does not get in the way of
flash updates.
    </para>
    <programlisting width=72>
#define HAL_AM29XXXXX_P2V(_addr_)                      \
    ({ CYG_ADDRWORD new_addr = (CYG_ADDRWORD)(_addr_); \
       new_addr |= 0x80000000;                         \
       new_addr; })
    </programlisting>
  </refsect1>

</refentry>

</part>