Mercurial > ecos
annotate packages/net/common/current/doc/tcpip.sgml @ 957:db3e0a2fda2f
2003-04-12 Andrew Lunn <andrew.lunn@ascom.ch>
* src/network_support.c (init_loopback_interface): Close the
socket when things go wrong otherwise we leak sockets.
* src/tftp_server.c (tftpd_server): Added support for IPv6 as well
as IPv4. Extended the multithreading support so that it works
correctly when there are multiple servers on multiple ports.
* doc/tcpip.sgml: Documentation for the changes made to the tftp
server.
2003-04-10 Andrew Lunn <andrew.lunn@ascom.ch>
* src/network_support.c (init_all_network_interfaces): Wait upto 4
seconds for a router solicit message to be received. Once we have
received the message we know we have a valid IPv6 address.
* src/tftp_client.c: Added support for IPv6. This requires two new
functions, tftp_client_{get|put} which are protocol version
independent.
* tests/tftp_client_test.c (tftp_test): Added tests which use IPv6
addresses.
2003-04-07 Andrew Lunn <andrew.lunn@ascom.ch>
* src/getaddrinfo.c (getaddrinfo): Correctly deal with node when
its not NULL. Its OK for the address to not parse for an address
family when AF_UNSPEC is passed in hints. Also get the socktype
correct when wildcarding for services that use UDP.
* tests/addr_test.c: Added more test cases which test IP addresses
in number format as node.
2003-04-05 Andrew Lunn <andrew.lunn@ascom.ch>
* cdl/net.cdl: Added addr_tests to the HW tests.
* tests/addr_test.c (net_test): void function not int.
* tests/ping_test.c (net_test): Added IPv6 ping test. This pings
the router which answers our router solicit message.
* src/ipv6_routing_thread.c (cyg_rs): Print out the router
advertisement message. Cleaned up the debug messages so they can
be disabled.
* src/ipv6_routing_thread.c (cyg_net_get_ipv6_advrouter): New
function to return the address of the router.
* include/network.h: Added prototype for above and
ipv6_start_routing_thread which did not have a prototype.
* src/ipv6_routing_thread.c (cyg_rs): Only wait 2 seconds before
sending the first solicit request rather than 10.
* src/dhcp_prot.c (do_dhcp_down_net): clear the if_laddrreq
before using it. If the request fails finish the IPv4 code rather
than returning,.
2003-04-02 Andrew Lunn <andrew.lunn@ascom.ch>
* tests/ping_lo_test.c: Added IPv6 ping test.
* src/getproto.c: Added the protocol ipv6-icmp.
| author | asl |
|---|---|
| date | Wed, 23 Apr 2003 08:52:08 +0000 |
| parents | c77314a3f0fd |
| children | 699b9301a235 |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
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32 <PART id="net-common-tcpip"> |
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33 <TITLE>TCP/IP Stack Support for eCos</TITLE> |
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34 <PARTINTRO> |
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35 <PARA> |
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36 The Common Networking for <productname>eCos</productname> package |
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37 provides support for a complete TCP/IP networking stack. |
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38 The design allows for the actual stack to be modular and at the |
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39 current time two different implementations, one based on OpenBSD |
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40 from 2000 and a new version based on FreeBSD, are available. |
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41 The particulars of each stack implementation are presented in |
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42 separate sections following this top-level discussion. |
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43 </PARA> |
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44 </PARTINTRO> |
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45 <CHAPTER id="net-common-ethernet-driver-design"> |
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46 <TITLE>Ethernet Driver Design</TITLE> |
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47 <PARA>Currently, the networking stack only supports ethernet based |
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48 networking. </PARA> |
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49 <PARA>The network drivers use a two-layer design. One layer is |
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50 hardware independent and contains all the stack specific code. |
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51 The other layer is platform dependent and communicates with the |
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52 hardware independent layer via a very simple API. In this way, |
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53 hardware device drivers can actually be used with other stacks, |
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54 if the same API can be provided by that stack. We designed the |
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55 drivers this way to encourage the development of other stacks in |
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56 eCos while allowing re-use of the actual hardware specific code. </PARA> |
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57 <PARA>More comprehensive documentation of the ethernet device driver and |
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58 the associated API can be found in the generic ethernet device driver |
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59 documentation |
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60 <xref linkend="io-eth-drv-generic"> |
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61 The driver and API is the same as the minimal debug stack used by |
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62 the RedBoot application. See the RedBoot documentation |
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63 <xref linkend="redboot"> |
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64 for further |
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65 information.</PARA> |
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66 </CHAPTER> |
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67 <CHAPTER id="net-common-sample-code"> |
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68 <TITLE>Sample Code</TITLE> |
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69 <PARA>Many examples using the networking support are provided. |
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70 These are arranged as eCos test programs, primarily for use in verifying |
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71 the package, but they can also serve as useful frameworks for program |
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72 design. We have taken a |
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73 <acronym>KISS</acronym> |
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74 approach to building programs which |
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75 use the network. A single include file |
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76 <<FILENAME>network.h</FILENAME>> is |
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77 all that is required to access the stack. A complete, annotated |
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78 test program can be found at |
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79 <FILENAME>net/common/<REPLACEABLE>VERSION</REPLACEABLE>/tests/ftp_test.c</FILENAME>, |
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80 with its associated files. </PARA> |
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81 </CHAPTER> |
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82 <CHAPTER id="net-common-configuring-ip-addresses"> |
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83 <TITLE>Configuring IP Addresses</TITLE> |
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84 <PARA>Each interface (“eth0” and “eth1”) |
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85 has independent configuration of its setup. Each can be set up |
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86 manually (in which case you must write code to do this), or by using |
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87 <acronym>BOOTP/DHCP</acronym>, |
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88 or explicitly, with configured values. If additional |
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89 interfaces are added, these must be configured manually.</PARA> |
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90 <PARA>The configurable values are: </PARA> |
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91 <itemizedlist> |
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92 <LISTITEM><PARA>IP address</para></listitem> |
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93 <LISTITEM><PARA>netmask</para></listitem> |
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94 <LISTITEM><PARA>broadcast address</para></listitem> |
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95 <LISTITEM><PARA>gateway/router</para></listitem> |
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96 <LISTITEM><PARA>server address.</para></listitem> |
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97 </itemizedlist> |
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98 <PARA>Server address is the DHCP server if applicable, but in addition, |
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99 many test cases use it as “the machine to talk to” in |
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100 whatever manner the test exercises the protocol stack.</PARA> |
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101 <PARA>The initialization is invoked by calling the C routine |
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102 <PROGRAMLISTING> |
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103 void <function>init_all_network_interfaces</function>(void); |
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104 </PROGRAMLISTING> |
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105 </PARA> |
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106 <PARA> |
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107 Additionally, if the system is configured to support IPv6 then each |
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108 interface may have an address assigned which is a composite of a 64 bit |
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109 prefix and the 32 bit IPv4 address for that interface. |
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110 The prefix is controlled by the CDL setting |
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111 CYGHWR_NET_DRIVER_ETH0_IPV6_PREFIX for “eth0”, etc. |
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112 This is a CDL booldata type, allowing this address to be suppressed if |
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113 not desired. |
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114 </PARA> |
| 957 | 115 |
| 116 <PARA>Alternatively, the system can configure its IPv6 address using | |
| 117 router solicitation. When the CDL option | |
| 118 CYGOPT_NET_IPV6_ROUTING_THREAD is enabled, | |
| 119 <function>init_all_network_interface</function> will start a thread which sends out router solicit messages, process router advertisements and thus configure an IPv6 address to the interface.</PARA> | |
| 120 | |
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121 <PARA> |
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122 Refer to the test cases, |
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123 <FILENAME>…/packages/net/common/<REPLACEABLE>VERSION</REPLACEABLE>/tests/ftp_test.c</FILENAME> |
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124 for example usage, and the source files in |
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125 <FILENAME>…/packages/net/common/<REPLACEABLE>VERSION</REPLACEABLE>/src/bootp_support.c</FILENAME> |
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126 and |
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127 <FILENAME>network_support.c</FILENAME> |
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128 to see what that call does.</PARA> |
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129 <PARA>This assumes that the MAC address (also known as |
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130 <acronym>ESA</acronym> or Ethernet Station Address) |
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131 is already defined in the |
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132 serial EEPROM or however the particular target implements this; |
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133 support for setting the MAC address is hardware dependent.</PARA> |
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134 <PARA>DHCP support is active by default, and there are configuration |
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135 options to control it. Firstly, in the top level of the |
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136 “Networking” configuration |
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137 tree, “Use full DHCP instead of BOOTP” enables |
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138 DHCP, and it contains an option to have the system provide a thread |
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139 to renew DHCP leases and manage lease expiry. Secondly, the individual |
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140 interfaces “eth0” and “eth1” each |
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141 have new options within the “Use BOOTP/DHCP to |
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142 initialize ‘<EMPHASIS>ethX</EMPHASIS>’” to |
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143 select whether to use DHCP rather than BOOTP.</PARA> |
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144 <para> |
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145 Note that you are completely at liberty to ignore this startup code and its |
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146 configuration in building your application. |
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147 <function>init_all_network_interfaces()</function> |
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148 is provided for three main purposes: |
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149 <itemizedlist> |
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150 <LISTITEM><PARA>For use by Red Hat's own test programs.</para></listitem> |
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151 <LISTITEM><PARA>As an easy “get you going” utility for |
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152 newcomers to <productname>eCos</productname>.</para></listitem> |
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153 <LISTITEM><PARA>As readable example code from which further development |
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154 might start.</para></listitem> |
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155 </itemizedlist> |
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156 </para><para> |
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157 If your application has different requirements for bringing up |
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158 available network interfaces, setting up routes, determining IP addresses |
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159 and the like from the defaults that the example code provides, you can |
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160 write your own initialization code to use whatever sequence of |
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161 <function>ioctl()</function> function |
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162 calls carries out the desired setup. Analogously, in larger systems, |
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163 a sequence of “ifconfig&rdquo invocations is used; these mostly |
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164 map to <function>ioctl()</function> calls to manipulate the state of |
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165 the interface in question. |
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166 </para> |
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167 </CHAPTER> |
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168 <CHAPTER id="net-common-tests-and-demonstrations"> |
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169 <TITLE>Tests and Demonstrations</TITLE> |
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170 <SECT1 id="net-common-loopback-tests"> |
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171 <TITLE><!-- <xref> -->Loopback tests</TITLE> |
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172 <PARA>By default, only tests which can execute on any target |
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173 will be built. These therefore do not actually use external |
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174 network interfaces (though they may configure and initialize |
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175 them) but are limited to testing via the loopback |
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176 interface.</PARA> |
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177 <PROGRAMLISTING><EMPHASIS>ping_lo_test</EMPHASIS> - ping test of the loopback address |
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178 <EMPHASIS>tcp_lo_select</EMPHASIS> - simple test of select with TCP via loopback |
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179 <EMPHASIS>tcp_lo_test</EMPHASIS> - trivial TCP test via loopback |
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180 <EMPHASIS>udp_lo_test</EMPHASIS> - trivial UDP test via loopback |
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181 <EMPHASIS>multi_lo_select</EMPHASIS> - test of multiple select() calls simultaneously</PROGRAMLISTING> |
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182 </SECT1> |
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183 <SECT1 id="net-common-building-the-network-tests"> |
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184 <TITLE>Building the Network Tests</TITLE> |
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185 <PARA>To build further network tests, ensure that the configuration |
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186 option CYGPKG_NET_BUILD_TESTS is set in your build |
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187 and then make the tests in the usual way. Alternatively |
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188 (with that option set) use |
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189 <PROGRAMLISTING>make -C net/common/<REPLACEABLE>VERSION</REPLACEABLE>/ tests </PROGRAMLISTING> |
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190 after building the eCos library, if you wish to build |
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191 <emphasis>only</emphasis> |
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192 the network tests.</PARA> |
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193 <PARA>This should give test executables in |
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194 <FILENAME>install/tests/net/common/<REPLACEABLE>VERSION</REPLACEABLE>/tests</FILENAME> |
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195 including |
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196 the following:</PARA> |
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197 <PROGRAMLISTING><EMPHASIS>socket_test</EMPHASIS> - trivial test of socket creation API |
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198 <EMPHASIS>mbuf_test</EMPHASIS> - trivial test of mbuf allocation API |
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199 <EMPHASIS>ftp_test</EMPHASIS> - simple FTP test, connects to “server” |
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200 <EMPHASIS>ping_test</EMPHASIS> - pings “server” and non-existent host to test timeout |
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201 <EMPHASIS>dhcp_test</EMPHASIS> - ping test, but also relinquishes and |
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202 reacquires DHCP leases periodically |
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203 <EMPHASIS>flood</EMPHASIS> - a flood ping test; use with care |
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204 <EMPHASIS>tcp_echo</EMPHASIS> - data forwarding program for performance test |
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205 <EMPHASIS>nc_test_master </EMPHASIS>- network characterization master |
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206 <EMPHASIS>nc_test_slave </EMPHASIS>- network characterization slave |
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207 <EMPHASIS>server_test</EMPHASIS> - a very simple server example |
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208 <EMPHASIS>tftp_client_test</EMPHASIS> - performs a tftp get and put from/to “server” |
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209 <EMPHASIS>tftp_server_test</EMPHASIS> - runs a tftp server for a short while |
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210 <EMPHASIS>set_mac_address </EMPHASIS>- set MAC address(es) of interfaces in NVRAM |
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211 <EMPHASIS>bridge</EMPHASIS> - contributed network bridge code |
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212 <EMPHASIS>nc6_test_master </EMPHASIS>- IPv4/IPv6 network characterization master |
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213 <EMPHASIS>nc6_test_slave </EMPHASIS>- IPv4/IPv6 network characterization slave |
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214 <EMPHASIS>ga_server_test</EMPHASIS> - a very simple IPv4/IPv6 server example |
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215 </PROGRAMLISTING> |
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216 </SECT1> |
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217 <SECT1 id="net-common-standalone-tests"> |
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218 <TITLE>Standalone Tests</TITLE> |
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219 <PROGRAMLISTING><EMPHASIS>socket_test</EMPHASIS> - trivial test of socket creation API |
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220 <EMPHASIS>mbuf_test</EMPHASIS> - trivial test of mbuf allocation API</PROGRAMLISTING> |
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221 <PARA>These two do not communicate over the net; they just perform |
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222 simple API tests then exit.</PARA> |
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223 <PROGRAMLISTING><EMPHASIS>ftp_test</EMPHASIS> - simple FTP test, connects to “server”</PROGRAMLISTING> |
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224 <PARA>This test initializes the interface(s) then connects to the |
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225 FTP server on the “server” machine for for each |
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226 active interface in turn, confirms that the connection was successful, |
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227 disconnects and exits. This tests interworking with the server.</PARA> |
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228 <PROGRAMLISTING><EMPHASIS>ping_test</EMPHASIS> - pings “server” and non-existent host to test timeout</PROGRAMLISTING> |
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229 <PARA>This test initializes the interface(s) then pings the server |
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230 machine in the standard way, then pings address “32 up” from |
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231 the server in the expectation that there is no machine there. This |
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232 confirms that the successful ping is not a false positive, and tests |
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233 the receive timeout. If there is such a machine, of course the |
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234 2nd set of pings succeeds, confirming that we can talk to a machine |
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235 not previously mentioned by configuration or by bootp. It then does |
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236 the same thing on the other interface, eth1.</PARA> |
| 957 | 237 |
| 238 <PARA>If IPv6 is enabled, the program will also ping to the address it | |
| 239 last received a router advertisement from. Also a ping will be made to | |
| 240 that address plus 32, in a similar way the the IPv4 case.</PARA> | |
| 241 | |
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242 <PROGRAMLISTING><EMPHASIS>dhcp_test</EMPHASIS> - ping test, but also manipulates DHCP leases</PROGRAMLISTING> |
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243 <PARA>This test is very similar to the ping test, but in addition, |
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244 provided the network package is not configured to do this automatically, |
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245 it manually relinquishes and reclaims DHCP leases for all available |
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246 interfaces. This tests the external API to DHCP. See section below |
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247 describing this.</PARA> |
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248 <PROGRAMLISTING><EMPHASIS>flood</EMPHASIS> - a flood ping test; use with care</PROGRAMLISTING> |
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249 <PARA>This test performs pings on all interfaces as quickly as possible, |
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250 and only prints status information periodically. Flood pinging is |
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251 bad for network performance; so do not use this test on general |
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252 purpose networks unless protected by a switch.</PARA> |
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253 </SECT1> |
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254 <SECT1 id="net-common-performance-test"> |
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255 <TITLE>Performance Test</TITLE> |
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256 <PROGRAMLISTING><EMPHASIS>tcp_echo</EMPHASIS> - data forwarding program for performance test</PROGRAMLISTING> |
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257 <PARA><command>tcp_echo</command> is one |
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258 part of the standard performance test we use. The other parts are |
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259 host programs <LITERAL>tcp_source</LITERAL> and <LITERAL>tcp_sink</LITERAL>. |
| 936 | 260 To make these (under your <emphasis>HOST</emphasis> system) cd to the tests source directory in |
| 261 the eCos repository and type “<LITERAL>make -f make.host</LITERAL>” - | |
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262 this should build <LITERAL>tcp_source</LITERAL> and <LITERAL>tcp_sink</LITERAL>.</PARA> |
| 936 | 263 <PARA>The host program “<LITERAL>tcp_source</LITERAL>” sends |
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264 data to the target. On the target, “<LITERAL>tcp_echo</LITERAL>” sends |
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265 it onwards to “<LITERAL>tcp_sink</LITERAL>” running |
| 936 | 266 on your host. So the target must receive and send on all the data that <LITERAL>tcp_source</LITERAL> sends |
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267 it; the time taken for this is measured and the data rate is calculated.</PARA> |
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268 <PARA>To invoke the test, first start <LITERAL>tcp_echo</LITERAL> on |
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269 the target board and wait for it to become quiescent - it will report |
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270 work to calibrate a CPU load which can be used to simulate real |
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271 operating conditions for the stack.</PARA> |
| 936 | 272 <PARA>Then on your host machine, in one terminal window, invoke <LITERAL>tcp_sink</LITERAL> giving |
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273 it the IP address (or hostname) of one interface of the target board. |
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274 For example “<LITERAL>tcp_sink 10.130.39.66</LITERAL>”. |
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275 <LITERAL>tcp_echo</LITERAL> on the target |
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276 will print something like “<LITERAL>SINK connection |
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277 from 10.130.39.13:1143</LITERAL>” when <LITERAL>tcp_sink</LITERAL> is |
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278 correctly invoked.</PARA> |
| 936 | 279 <PARA>Next, in another host terminal window, invoke <LITERAL>tcp_source</LITERAL>, |
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280 giving it the IP address (or hostname) of an interface of the target |
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281 board, and optionally a background load to apply to the target while |
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282 the test runs. For example, “<LITERAL>tcp_source |
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283 194.130.39.66</LITERAL>” to run the test with no |
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284 additional target CPU load, or “<LITERAL>tcp_source |
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285 194.130.39.66 85</LITERAL>” to load it up to 85% used. |
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286 The target load must be a multiple of 5. <LITERAL>tcp_echo</LITERAL> on |
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287 the target will print something like “<LITERAL>SOURCE |
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288 connection from 194.130.39.13:1144</LITERAL>” when |
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289 tcp_source is correctly invoked.</PARA> |
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290 <PARA>You can connect tcp_sink to one target interface |
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291 and tcp_source to another, or both to the same interface. |
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292 Similarly, you can run <LITERAL>tcp_sink</LITERAL> and <LITERAL>tcp_source</LITERAL> on |
| 936 | 293 the same host machine or different ones. TCP/IP and ARP |
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294 look after them finding one another, as intended.</PARA> |
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295 <PROGRAMLISTING><EMPHASIS>nc_test_master</EMPHASIS> - network characterization master |
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296 <EMPHASIS>nc_test_slave</EMPHASIS> - network characterization slave</PROGRAMLISTING> |
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297 <PARA>These tests talk to each other to measure network performance. |
| 936 | 298 They can each run on either a test target or a host computer |
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299 given some customization to your local environment. As provided, <literal>nc_test_slave</literal> must |
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300 run on the test target, and <literal>nc_test_master</literal> must |
| 936 | 301 be run on a host computer, and be given the test target's |
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302 IP address or hostname.</PARA> |
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303 <PARA>The tests print network performance for various packet sizes |
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304 over UDP and TCP, versus various additional CPU loads on the target.</PARA> |
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305 <PARA> |
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306 The programs <PROGRAMLISTING><EMPHASIS>nc6_test_slave</EMPHASIS> |
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307 <EMPHASIS>nc6_test_master</EMPHASIS></PROGRAMLISTING> |
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308 are additional forms which support both IPv4 and IPv6 addressing. |
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309 </PARA> |
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310 </SECT1> |
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311 <SECT1 id="net-common-interactive-tests"> |
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312 <TITLE>Interactive Tests</TITLE> |
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313 <PROGRAMLISTING><EMPHASIS>server_test</EMPHASIS> - a very simple server example</PROGRAMLISTING> |
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314 <PARA>This test simply awaits a connection on port 7734 and after |
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315 accepting a connection, gets a packet (with a timeout of a few seconds) |
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316 and prints it. </PARA> |
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317 <PARA>The connection is then closed. We then loop to await the next |
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318 connection, and so on. To use it, telnet to the target on port 7734 |
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319 then type something (quickly!)</PARA> |
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320 <screen>% telnet 172.16.19.171 7734 |
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321 Hello target board</screen> |
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322 <PARA>and the test program will print something like:</PARA> |
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323 <screen>connection from 172.16.19.13:3369 |
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324 buf = "Hello target board"</screen> |
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325 |
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326 <PROGRAMLISTING><EMPHASIS>ga_server_test</EMPHASIS> - another very simple server example</PROGRAMLISTING> |
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327 <PARA>This is a variation on the <EMPHASIS>ga_server_test</EMPHASIS> test |
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328 with the difference being that it uses the <FUNCTION>getaddrinfo</FUNCTION> |
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329 function to set up its addresses. On a system with IPv6 enabled, it will |
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330 listen on port 7734 for a TCP connection via either IPv4 or IPv6. |
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331 </PARA> |
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332 |
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333 <PROGRAMLISTING><EMPHASIS>tftp_client_test</EMPHASIS> - performs a tftp get and put from/to “server”</PROGRAMLISTING> |
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334 <PARA>This is only partially interactive. You need to set things |
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335 up on the “server” in order for this to work, |
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336 and you will need to look at the server afterwards to confirm that all |
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337 was well.</PARA> |
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338 <PARA>For each interface in turn, this test attempts to read by |
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339 tftp from the server, a file called |
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340 <filename>tftp_get</filename> |
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341 and |
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342 prints the status and contents it read (if any). It then writes |
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343 the same data to a file called |
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344 <filename>tftp_put</filename> |
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345 on |
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346 the same server.</PARA> |
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347 <PARA>In order for this to succeed, both files must already exist. |
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348 The TFTP protocol does not require that a WRQ request _create_ a |
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349 file, just that it can write it. The TFTP server on Linux certainly |
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350 will only allow writes to an existing file, given the appropriate |
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351 permission. Thus, you need to have these files in place, with proper permission, |
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352 before running the test.</PARA> |
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353 <PARA>The conventional place for the tftp server to operate in LINUX |
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354 is /tftpboot/; you will likely need root privileges |
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355 to create files there. The data contents of |
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356 <filename>tftp_get</filename> |
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357 can |
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358 be anything you like, but anything very large will waste lots of |
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359 time printing it on the test’s stdout, and anything above |
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360 32kB will cause a buffer overflow and unpredictable failure.</PARA> |
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361 <PARA>Creating an empty tftp_put file (eg. by copying /dev/null |
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362 to it) is neatest. So before the test you should have something |
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363 like:</PARA> |
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364 <PROGRAMLISTING>-rw-rw-rw- 1 root 1076 May 1 11:39 tftp_get |
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365 -rw-rw-rw- 1 root 0 May 1 15:52 tftp_put </PROGRAMLISTING> |
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366 <PARA>note that both files have public permissions wide open. After |
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367 running the test, |
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368 <filename>tftp_put</filename> |
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369 should |
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370 be a copy of |
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371 <filename>tftp_get</filename>.</PARA> |
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372 <PROGRAMLISTING>-rw-rw-rw- 1 root 1076 May 1 11:39 tftp_get |
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373 -rw-rw-rw- 1 root 1076 May 1 15:52 tftp_put |
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374 |
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375 </PROGRAMLISTING> |
| 957 | 376 |
| 377 <PARA>If the configuration contains IPv6 support, the test program | |
| 378 will also use IPv6. It will attempt to put/get the files listed above | |
| 379 from the address it last received a routers solicit from.</PARA> | |
| 380 | |
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381 <PROGRAMLISTING><EMPHASIS>tftp_server_test</EMPHASIS> - runs a tftp server for a short while</PROGRAMLISTING> |
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382 <PARA>This test is truly interactive, in that you can use a standard |
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383 tftp application to get and put files from the server, during the |
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384 5 minutes that it runs. The dummy filesystem which underlies the |
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385 server initially contains one file, called “uu” which contains |
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386 part of a familiar text and some padding. It also accommodates |
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387 creation of 3 further files of up to 1Mb in size and names of up |
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388 to 256 bytes. Exceeding these limits will cause a buffer overflow |
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389 and unpredictable failure.</PARA> |
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390 <PARA>The dummy filesystem is an implementation of the generic API |
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391 which allows a true filesystem to be attached to the tftp server |
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392 in the network stack.</PARA> |
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393 <PARA>We have been testing the tftp server by running the test on |
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394 the target board, then using two different host computers connecting |
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395 to the different target interfaces, putting a file from each, getting |
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396 the “uu” file, and getting the file from the other computer. |
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397 This verifies that data is preserved during the transfer as well |
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398 as interworking with standard tftp applications.</PARA> |
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399 </SECT1> |
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400 <SECT1 id="net-common-maintenance-tools"> |
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401 <TITLE>Maintenance Tools </TITLE> |
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402 <PROGRAMLISTING><EMPHASIS>set_mac_address</EMPHASIS> - set MAC address(es) of interfaces in NVRAM</PROGRAMLISTING> |
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403 <PARA>This program makes an example <function>ioctl()</function> call |
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404 <acronym>SIOCSIFHWADDR</acronym> |
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405 “Socket IO Set InterFace HardWare ADDRess” |
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406 to set the MAC address on targets |
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407 where this is supported and enabled in the configuration. You must |
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408 edit the source to choose a MAC address and further edit it to allow |
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409 this very dangerous operation. Not all ethernet drivers support |
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410 this operation, because most ethernet hardware does not support |
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411 it — or it comes pre-set from the factory. |
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412 <emphasis>Do not use this program.</emphasis></PARA> |
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413 </SECT1> |
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414 </CHAPTER> |
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415 <CHAPTER id="net-common-support"> |
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416 <title>Support Features</title> |
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417 <SECT1 id="net-common-tftp"> |
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418 <TITLE>TFTP</TITLE> |
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419 <PARA>The TFTP client and server are described in |
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420 <filename>tftp_support.h</filename>; |
| 957 | 421 |
| 422 <PARA>The TFTP client has and new and an older, depreciated, API. The | |
| 423 new API works for both IPv4 and IPv6 where as the depreciated API is | |
| 424 IPv4 only. | |
| 425 </PARA> | |
| 426 <PARA> | |
| 427 The new API is as follows: | |
| 428 </PARA> | |
| 429 <PROGRAMLISTING>int tftp_client_get(char *filename, | |
| 430 char *server, | |
| 431 int port, | |
| 432 char *buf, | |
| 433 int len, | |
| 434 int mode, | |
| 435 int *err); | |
| 436 | |
| 437 int tftp_client_put(char *filename, | |
| 438 char *server, | |
| 439 int port, | |
| 440 char *buf, | |
| 441 int len, | |
| 442 int mode, | |
| 443 int *err); | |
| 444 </PROGRAMLISTING> | |
| 445 <PARA>Currently <varname>server</varname> can only be a numeric IPv4 or | |
| 446 IPv6 address. The resolver is currently not used, but it is planned to | |
| 447 add this feature (patches welcome). If <varname>port</varname> is zero | |
| 448 the client connects to the default TFTP port on the server. Otherwise | |
| 449 the specified port is used. | |
| 450 </PARA> | |
| 451 <PARA> | |
| 452 The depreciated API is: | |
| 453 <PROGRAMLISTING>int tftp_client_get(char *filename, | |
| 454 struct sockaddr_in *server, | |
| 455 char *buf, | |
| 456 int len, | |
| 457 int mode, | |
| 458 int *err); | |
| 459 | |
| 460 int tftp_client_put(char *filename, | |
| 461 struct sockaddr_in *server, | |
| 462 char *buf, | |
| 463 int len, | |
| 464 int mode, | |
| 465 int *err); | |
| 466 </PROGRAMLISTING> | |
| 467 <PARA> | |
| 468 The <varname>server</varname> should contain the address of the | |
| 469 server to contact. If the <varname>sin_port</varname> member of the | |
| 470 structure is zero the default TFTP port is used. Otherwise the | |
| 471 specified port is used. | |
| 472 </PARA> | |
| 473 <PARA> | |
| 474 Both API's report errors in the same way. The functions return a value | |
| 475 of -1 and <varname>*err</varname> will be set to one of the | |
| 476 following values: | |
| 477 </PARA> | |
| 478 <PROGRAMLISTING> | |
| 479 #define TFTP_ENOTFOUND 1 /* file not found */ | |
| 480 #define TFTP_EACCESS 2 /* access violation */ | |
| 481 #define TFTP_ENOSPACE 3 /* disk full or allocation exceeded */ | |
| 482 #define TFTP_EBADOP 4 /* illegal TFTP operation */ | |
| 483 #define TFTP_EBADID 5 /* unknown transfer ID */ | |
| 484 #define TFTP_EEXISTS 6 /* file already exists */ | |
| 485 #define TFTP_ENOUSER 7 /* no such user */ | |
| 486 #define TFTP_TIMEOUT 8 /* operation timed out */ | |
| 487 #define TFTP_NETERR 9 /* some sort of network error */ | |
| 488 #define TFTP_INVALID 10 /* invalid parameter */ | |
| 489 #define TFTP_PROTOCOL 11 /* protocol violation */ | |
| 490 #define TFTP_TOOLARGE 12 /* file is larger than buffer */ | |
| 491 </PROGRAMLISTING> | |
| 492 <PARA>If there are no errors the return value is the number of bytes | |
| 493 transfered. | |
| 494 </PARA> | |
| 495 | |
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496 <PARA>The server is more complex. It requires a filesystem implementation |
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497 to be supplied by the user, and attached to the tftp server by means |
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498 of a vector of function pointers:</PARA> |
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499 <PROGRAMLISTING>struct tftpd_fileops { |
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500 int (*open)(const char *, int); |
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501 int (*close)(int); |
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502 int (*write)(int, const void *, int); |
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503 int (*read)(int, void *, int); |
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504 };</PROGRAMLISTING> |
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505 <PARA>These functions have the obvious semantics. The structure |
| 957 | 506 describing the filesystem is an argument to the <function>tftpd_start</function>: |
| 507 <PROGRAMLISTING> | |
| 508 int tftp_start(int port, | |
| 509 struct tftpd_fileops *ops); | |
| 510 </PROGRAMLISTING> | |
| 511 <PARA>The first argument is the port to use for the server. If this | |
| 512 port number is zero, the default TFTP port number will be used. The | |
| 513 return value from <function>tftpd_start</function> is a handle which | |
| 514 can be passed to <function>tftpd_stop</function>. This will kill the | |
| 515 tftpd thread. Note that this is not a clean shutdown. The thread will | |
| 516 simply be killed. <function>tftpd_stop</function> will attempt to | |
| 517 close the sockets the thread was listening on and free some of its | |
| 518 allocated memory. But if the thread was actively transferreing data at | |
| 519 the time <function>tftpd_stop</function> is called, it is quite likely | |
| 520 some memory and a socket will be leaked. Use this function with | |
| 521 caution (or implement a clean shutdown and please contribute the code | |
| 522 back :-). | |
| 523 </PARA> | |
| 524 | |
| 525 <PARA>There are two CDL configuration options that control how many | |
| 526 servers on how many different ports tftp can be | |
| 527 started. CYGSEM_NET_TFTPD_MULTITHREADED, when enabled, allows multiple | |
| 528 tftpd threads to operate on the same port number. With only one | |
| 529 thread, while the thread is active transferring data, new requests for | |
| 530 transfers will not be served until the active transfer is | |
| 531 complete. When multiple threads are started on the same port, multiple | |
| 532 transfers can take place simultaneous, up to the number of threads | |
| 533 started. However a semaphore is required to synchronise the | |
| 534 threads. This semaphore is required per port. The CDL option | |
| 535 CYGNUM_NET_TFTPD_MULTITHREADED_PORTS controls how many different port | |
| 536 numbers multithreaded servers can service. | |
| 537 </PARA> | |
| 538 <PARA>If CYGSEM_NET_TFTPD_MULTITHREADED is not enabled, only one | |
| 539 thread may be run per port number. But this removes the need for a | |
| 540 semaphore and so CYGNUM_NET_TFTPD_MULTITHREADED_PORTS is not required | |
| 541 and unlimited number of ports can be used. </PARA> | |
| 542 | |
| 543 <PARA>It should be noted that the TFTPD does not perform any form of | |
| 544 file locking. When multiple servers are active, it is assumed the | |
| 545 underlying filesystem will refuse to open the same file multiple | |
| 546 times, operate correctly with simultaneous read/writes to the same | |
| 547 file, or if you are unlucky, corrupt itself beyond all repair.</PARA> | |
| 548 | |
| 549 <PARA>When IPv6 is enabled the tftpd thread will listen for requests | |
| 550 from both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.</PARA> | |
| 551 | |
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552 <PARA>As discussed in the description of the tftp_server_test |
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553 above, an example filesystem is provided in |
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554 <filename>net/common/<REPLACEABLE>VERSION</REPLACEABLE>/src/tftp_dummy_file.c</filename> |
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555 for |
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556 use by the tftp server test. The dummy filesystem is not a supported |
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557 part of the network stack, it exists purely for demonstration purposes.</PARA> |
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558 </SECT1> |
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559 <SECT1 id="net-common-dhcp"> |
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560 <TITLE>DHCP</TITLE> |
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561 <PARA>This API publishes a routine to maintain DHCP state, and a |
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562 semaphore that is signalled when a lease requires attention: this |
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563 is your clue to call the aforementioned routine.</PARA> |
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564 <PARA>The intent with this API is that a simple DHCP client thread, |
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565 which maintains the state of the interfaces, can go as follows: |
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566 (after <function>init_all_network_interfaces()</function> is |
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567 called from elsewhere)</PARA> |
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568 <PROGRAMLISTING>while ( 1 ) { |
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569 while ( 1 ) { |
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570 cyg_semaphore_wait( &dhcp_needs_attention ); |
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571 if ( ! dhcp_bind() ) // a lease expired |
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572 break; // If we need to re-bind |
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573 } |
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574 dhcp_halt(); // tear everything down |
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575 init_all_network_interfaces(); // re-initialize |
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576 }</PROGRAMLISTING> |
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577 <PARA>and if the application does not want to suffer the overhead |
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578 of a separate thread and its stack for this, this functionality |
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579 can be placed in the app’s server loop in an obvious fashion. |
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580 That is the goal of breaking out these internal elements. For example, |
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581 some server might be arranged to poll DHCP from time to time like |
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582 this:</PARA> |
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583 <PROGRAMLISTING>while ( 1 ) { |
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584 init_all_network_interfaces(); |
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585 open-my-listen-sockets(); |
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586 while ( 1 ) { |
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587 serve-one-request(); |
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588 // sleeps if no connections, but not forever; |
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589 // so this loop is polled a few times a minute... |
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590 if ( cyg_semaphore_trywait( &dhcp_needs_attention )) { |
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591 if ( ! dhcp_bind() ) { |
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592 close-my-listen-sockets(); |
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593 dhcp_halt(); |
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594 break; |
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595 } |
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596 } |
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597 } |
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598 }</PROGRAMLISTING> |
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599 <PARA>If the configuration option CYGOPT_NET_DHCP_DHCP_THREAD |
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600 is defined, then eCos provides a thread as described initially. |
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601 Independent of this option, initialization of the interfaces still |
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602 occurs in <function>init_all_network_interfaces()</function> and |
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603 your startup code can call that. It will start the DHCP management |
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604 thread if configured. If a lease fails to be renewed, the management |
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605 thread will shut down all interfaces and attempt to initialize all |
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606 the interfaces again from scratch. This may cause chaos in the |
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607 app, which is why managing the DHCP state in an application aware |
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608 thread is actually better, just far less convenient for testing.</PARA> |
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609 </SECT1> |
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610 </CHAPTER> |
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611 &net-common-tcpip-manpages-sgml; |
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612 </PART> |